Patient Education
Welcome to the Patient Education Library of North Bethesda Primary Care
We invite you to explore our comprehensive list of resources and educational materials designed to help educate you about your medical condition or treatment. Choose a topic below to learn more.
If you have any questions or concerns regarding your condition or treatment, please feel free to message or request an appointment with Dr. Possner at North Bethesda Primary Care via the convenient patient portal.
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation, examination, or the medical advice of your doctor. This information should not be relied upon to determine a diagnosis or course of treatment.
Primary Care A-Z
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OR use our A-Z listing of topics below:
Did You Know?
You may be surprised to learn that physicians enjoy concierge care as much as patients do! Bypassing insurance frees your doctor from having to rush you through appointments, and you get value-added care and attention.
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A Guide To Arthroscopy
Arthroscopic Surgery is a procedure that allows surgeons to see, diagnose, and treat problems inside a joint. The procedure, also called an Arthroscopy, requires only small incisions and is guided by a miniature viewing instrument or scope. Before arthroscopy existed, ... Read More
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ACL Tear & Reconstruction - Knee Ligament Injury
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most commonly injured ligaments in the knee. Ligaments are strong non-elastic fibers that connect our bones together. The ACL crosses inside of the knee, connecting the thighbone to the leg. It ... Read More
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Acne
Acne, commonly referred to as pimples, blemishes, and zits, is a common skin condition that most people experience at some point in life, most often as teenagers. Acne results when tiny openings in the skin become plugged. Acne is treated ... Read More
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Acoustic Neuroma
The inner ear is responsible for hearing and balance. Acoustic neuroma is a tumor that develops on the nerve in the inner ear. Acoustic neuroma is also called vestibular schwannoma. The vast majority of acoustic neuromas are not cancerous and are ... Read More
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Acoustic Trauma
Acoustic trauma is injury to the inner ear caused by loud noise. Acoustic trauma can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Wearing earplugs or ear protectors around loud noises can help prevent acoustic trauma. ... Read More
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Actinic Keratosis
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a pre-cancerous skin condition that develops after exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun. The lesions look like scaly or crusty warts that typically appear on the face or back of the hands. Actinic keratosis lesions ... Read More
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Acupuncture - Chiropractic Treatment
Acupuncture is an ancient treatment art that originated in China over 5000 years ago. Today’s professional acupuncture methods are grounded in science and used as treatments for a wide variety of conditions. Acupuncture involves the insertion of very fine needles ... Read More
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Acute Stress Disorder
Acute stress disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that develops in some people that witness or experience a horrifying life-threatening event. Acute stress disorder causes an assortment of symptoms including re-living the event through memories and nightmares and feeling ... Read More
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Adjustment Disorder
Adjustment disorders are psychological disturbances that develop after a life stressor. They may develop after an identifiable stress, such as the death of a loved one, or after an unexpected catastrophe, such as a hurricane. Depression, anxiety, sleep difficulties, behavior ... Read More
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Aging Skin
Wrinkles, crows feet, age spots...call them what you like, but if you are bothered by their presence, they are considered unwanted signs of aging. Everyone’s skin is genetically programmed to change as part of the natural aging process. Sun exposure ... Read More
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Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is a type of phobia and anxiety disorder. People with agoraphobia have a continuous fear of being in a place or situation that may be difficult to leave or find help in the event of a panic attack. People ... Read More
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Allergies
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to a normally nonthreatening substance. There are many types, causes, and symptoms of allergic reactions. Different areas of the body can be affected depending on the allergic trigger. Some allergic reactions ... Read More
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Amenorrhea - Absent Menstruation
Amenorrhea is a medical term that means the absence of menstruation. Amenorrhea is considered a symptom and not a disease because it usually results from another condition. There are numerous reasons for a missed period for females that are not ... Read More
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Amniocentesis
An amniocentesis is a diagnostic procedure that may be used during pregnancy. The test is used to confirm the findings of other assessments or to detect chromosomal, neural, or inherited disorders in a developing fetus. It may be taken in ... Read More
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Anal Cancer
Anal cancer is an uncommon type of cancer. It results when cells in the anus grow abnormally and out of control. The anus is the opening at the end of the rectum through which waste products pass when you have ... Read More
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Anaphylaxis & Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction with rapid onset of symptoms. Anaphylaxis usually occurs in people after they are exposed to a substance they are severely allergic to such as foods, medications, and insect stings. It has been estimated that up to 15% ... Read More
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Anemia
Anemia is a blood disorder characterized by a lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin, a substance in red blood cells. Anemia results if not enough normal hemoglobin or red blood cells are produced, too many red blood cells are ... Read More
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Angina
Angina is chest pain or discomfort that results from a lack of blood and oxygen flow to the heart muscle. A narrowed or blocked artery due to coronary artery disease is the most common cause of angina. When blood cannot ... Read More
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Ankle Replacement
Total ankle replacement surgery, or ankle arthroplasty, can improve ankle function and relieve severe pain caused by arthritis and other conditions. As more FDA-approved ankle implants have become available, ankle replacement has become the preferred alternative to ankle fusion. ... Read More
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Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder. People with eating disorders have problems with their eating behavior, thoughts, and emotions. They have a distorted body image and attempt to control their weight by controlling their food intake. People ... Read More
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Anterior Hip Replacement
When you need surgery to replace a damaged or diseased hip, some orthopedic surgeons have advanced training to perform anterior hip arthroplasty, also known as the direct anterior approach to hip replacement. This procedure is considered ... Read More
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Aortic Aneurysm
An aortic aneurysm is a condition that results from the swelling of a weakened wall in the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in your body. It branches off your heart and distributes blood throughout your body and organs. ... Read More
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Appendicitis
Your appendix is a small tube-like structure that extends off your large intestine. While the appendix does not have a known function, if it becomes inflamed or infected the result is appendicitis. Appendicitis can be quite dangerous as there is ... Read More
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Aquatic Therapy
Orthopaedic conditions, medical conditions, and neurological disorders may reduce your ability to bear weight on your legs, tolerate the impact exercise on land, or move against the forces of gravity. Aquatic therapy is a rehabilitation option that allows people to ... Read More
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Arachnoid Cyst - Brain & Spinal Cord
Arachnoid cysts develop in the brain and only rarely in the spinal cord. The cysts develop when a layer of tissue separates and fills with fluid, forming a cyst. The arachnoid membrane is a layer of the protective covering of ... Read More
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Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)- Brain
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare condition that occurs in the brain of less than 1% of all people. An AVM is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels that develops between the arteries and veins. AVMs are fragile structures ... Read More
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Arthritis
Arthritis is a common disease that causes joint pain, stiffness, immobility, and swelling. Arthritis is actually a term for a group of over 100 diseases that affect the muscle and skeletal system, particularly the joints. Arthritis alters the cartilage in ... Read More
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Arthrocentesis - Pain Management
Arthrocentesis or aspiration is a treatment to relieve joint pain and swelling. Arthrocentesis is appropriate for larger joints including the knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. It is useful for treating joint swelling caused by infection, gout, and rheumatoid ... Read More
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Artificial Cervical Disc Replacement
Degenerative disc disease is a common source of neck pain. It is a condition that causes the discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down. Artificial cervical disc replacement can be an alternative to spinal fusion surgery (ACDF) for ... Read More
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Artificial Lumbar Disc Replacement
Degenerative disc disease is a common cause of chronic low back pain. It is a condition that causes the discs in the spine to deteriorate or break down. Artificial lumbar disc replacement can be an alternative to spinal fusion surgery ... Read More
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Asthma
Asthma is a lung disease. Asthma causes the breathing tubes in the lungs to temporarily narrow. People with asthma have difficulty breathing air in and out of their lungs. An allergen or irritant in the environment usually triggers an asthma flare-up. ... Read More
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Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a very common vision condition. An abnormally shaped cornea or lens causes it. As a result, light is not projected on the retina, as it should be, causing vision to be blurred or distorted. Astigmatism can affect near ... Read More
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Astrocytoma - Common CNS Tumor
Astrocytoma is a common type of brain tumor. There are different types and severities of astrocytomas. They may or may not be cancerous. Astrocytomas may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of treatments. ... Read More
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Athletes Foot
Athletes are not the only people who can get athlete’s foot. A fungus that thrives in warm environments, such as poolside surfaces and locker rooms, causes the skin infection to develop between the toes or on the soles of the ... Read More
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Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Fibrillation, also known as A Fib or AF, is a common heart condition that causes an abnormal rhythm (arrhythmia). It is sometimes described as a quivering heart or fluttering heartbeat. A change in the electrical charge that travels ... Read More
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Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a neurologically based condition. People with ADD have difficulty paying attention, maintaining their focus on a task, and are easily distracted. They may move from one task to the next without completing any of them. ... Read More
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Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a neurologically based disorder. People with ADHD have difficulty maintaining attention, act before thinking, and are hyperactive or restless. Untreated ADHD can be problematic and disrupt school or work performance, as well as social ... Read More
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Bacteria Skin Infections
Bacteria are microorganisms that naturally live in our environment. There are many types of bacteria, and while some are actually beneficial to your body, others are not. Bacteria can enter through an opening in the skin, such as a scratch ... Read More
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Bacterial Vaginosis - Vaginal Infection
Bacterial vaginosis is a common type of vaginal infection. It results when there is an imbalance and overgrowth of the natural organisms within the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis may produce a foul smelling vaginal discharge. It is usually treated with over-the-counter ... Read More
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Bad Breath - Halitosis
Everyone experiences bad breath (halitosis) at one time or another, but how do you know if you need more than just a breath mint? Poor oral hygiene or something that you eat or drink are common causes of bad breath. It ... Read More
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Balance Retraining and Vestibular Rehabilitation
Balance retraining and vestibular rehabilitation are used to treat balance disorders and movement related dizziness. Balance is a complex function that involves the coordination of many body systems. Balance requires the ability to produce movements and interpret information about your ... Read More
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Balanced Diet and Nutrition
The food that you eat can directly affect your health. As Americans are facing higher rates of obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, it is more important than ever to make sure that you and your family are eating a ... Read More
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Balloon Sinuplasty
Balloon Sinuplasty™ is an advanced procedure used to open blocked sinus passages. Blocked sinus passages can contribute to chronic sinusitis and breathing difficulties. Unlike open surgical methods, Balloon Sinuplasty uses no incisions, is minimally invasive, and has a short recovery ... Read More
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Bennett's Fracture - Fracture of the Base of the Thumb
A Bennett’s fracture occurs when the bone at the base of the thumb breaks and dislocates. It results from a forceful injury, such as during fist fighting, playing football, accidents, or a fall. A Bennett’s fracture causes thumb swelling, pain, ... Read More
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Bile Duct Cancer
Bile duct cancer, also called cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare form of cancer that occurs in the duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile duct cancer is relatively slow growing. Its main symptom is jaundice (yellowing of ... Read More
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Binge-Eating Disorder
Binge-eating is a disorder of eating. It involves episodes of eating an enormous amount of food in a very short period of time. People may feel out of control during binge-eating and guilty or depressed afterwards. People with binge-eating disorder ... Read More
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Bioidentical Hormones
Bioidentical hormones are an alternative treatment option for hormone imbalance. Hormone imbalances are common, especially during midlife transition. Hormones occur naturally in the body and regulate a variety of functions. Traditional synthetic hormone replacement (HRT) has been associated with unwanted ... Read More
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Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder characterized by alternating moods of depression and mania, often with normal moods in between. Depression may cause feelings of sadness, worthlessness, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts. Mania may cause excitability, rage, and racing ... Read More
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Bite Injuries - Animal Bites
Animal bite injuries can cause skin wounds and structural damage to the hand. Infection and, less commonly, rabies are always a main concern. Pets are the most common source of bite injures, although they may result from wild animals as ... Read More
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Bite Injuries - Human Bites
Human bite injuries result from fist fighting or the intentional act of biting to inflict harm. Bite injuries occur during fist fighting if the fist of one person strikes the teeth of another person. Hand injuries from human bites can ... Read More
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Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer occurs when the cells in the bladder grow abnormally or out of control. The exact cause of bladder cancer is unknown; however cigarette smoking and exposure to certain industrial chemicals appear to be risk factors. The most common ... Read More
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Blepharitis - Eyelid Infection
Blepharitis is a common eyelid infection. It is an inflammation that occurs along the inner or outer side of the eyelashes on the eyelids. Blepharitis is most frequently caused by an overgrowth of bacteria. It is treated with good eyelid ... Read More
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Bone Cancer - Primary Bone Cancer
Primary bone cancer is cancer that originates in the bone. It is different than metastasized cancer, where cancer can spread to the bone from other parts of the body. Pain and swelling are the most common symptoms of primary bone cancer. ... Read More
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Bone Mineral Density Testing
Bone Mineral Density Testing (BMD) is an evaluation used to help diagnose osteoporosis, a progressive disease that causes bone loss, and increases bone fracture risk. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a type of bone density testing. BMD testing is generally recommended ... Read More
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BOTOX for Pain Management
BOTOX® is useful for more than smoothing out wrinkles. In fact, it is indicated for treating painful muscle spasms and contractions in the neck (cervical dystonia), tension headaches, migraine headaches, back pain, and myofascial pain. BOTOX injections are used to ... Read More
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BOTOX® Cosmetics
Botox Cosmetic is used by both men and women for vanishing frown lines without surgery or downtime. Botox is an injected prescription medication that temporarily improves the appearance of moderate to severe frown lines between the eyebrows (glabellar lines). Approximately ... Read More
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Boutonniere Deformity - Finger Deformity
A boutonniere deformity occurs when the tendon that straightens the middle joint of your finger is injured, weakened or stretched. The injury allows the middle finger joint to bend (flex) and the end finger joint to pull back and hyperextend. ... Read More
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Boxer's Fracture - Knuckle Fracture of the Pinky
A Boxer’s fracture occurs when the bone at the knuckle of the little finger breaks. It can result from a forceful injury during fist fighting or hitting a solid object, such as a wall. A Boxer’s fracture causes swelling, pain, and stiffness. ... Read More
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Brachytherapy - Intracavity & Interstitial
Brachytherapy is a type of radiation treatment for cancer. It involves inserting a radioactive source, referred to as a “seed” into or near the cancer. Intracavity brachytherapy involves placing radioactive seeds inside a natural body cavity. Interstitial brachytherapy involves implanting ... Read More
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Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are a rare condition that results when cells grow abnormally and form a mass. Brain tumors may originate in the brain or spread from cancer in another part of the body. There are many different types of brain ... Read More
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Breast Augmentation
Breast augmentation is a cosmetic surgery procedure that uses implants to enlarge or change the shape of the breasts. It is a popular option for women that feel their breasts are too small and want to enhance their figure. Women ... Read More
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Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a common type of cancer in women. It is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that begins from the cells in the breast. Breast cancer can rarely develop in men, as well. There are several different types of breast ... Read More
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Breast Examination
Breast cancer is a common cancer in women. Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow abnormally or out of control. The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown. Breast examinations are used to help detect breast cancer as ... Read More
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Breast Lift - Mastopexy
A breast lift (mastopexy) is a cosmetic surgery procedure that is used to create more youthful-shaped breasts. It is a popular option for women that feel their breasts have lost their shape, are happy with their breast size in a ... Read More
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Breast Reduction for Men with Gynecomastia
Breast reduction for men (reduction mammoplasty) is a cosmetic and reconstructive surgical procedure that is used to reduce the size of the breasts. Men may experience enlarged breasts (gynecomastia) for several reasons, including hormone abnormalities, hereditary conditions, disease, use of ... Read More
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Breast Reduction for Women - Mammaplasty
A breast reduction (mammaplasty) is a cosmetic or reconstructive surgical procedure that is used to remove excess breast tissue, and reduce the size of the breasts. Women with large breasts may experience back and shoulder discomfort or pain, activity limitations, ... Read More
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis is a condition of inflammation of the large air passages in the lungs. It occurs when the mucous lining in the airways becomes irritated and swollen. Cigarette smoking, air pollution, and upper respiratory infections are common causes of bronchitis. ... Read More
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Brow Lift
A brow lift, also referred to as a forehead lift, is a cosmetic surgery procedure used to correct the effects of aging skin on the upper portion of the face. A brow lift will smooth or soften forehead wrinkles and ... Read More
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Bruises - Contusions
Everyone has experienced a bruise at one time or another. A bruise, medically termed a contusion, results when the blood vessels beneath the skin are injured and bleed. Cold packs can help reduce bruising following an injury. Significant bruises should ... Read More
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Bulimia
Bulimia is a type of eating disorder. People with eating disorders have problems with their eating behavior, thoughts, and emotions. They have a distorted body image and attempt to control their weight by controlling their food intake. People with bulimia ... Read More
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Bunion
Bunions are a common foot deformity, especially in females. They most frequently result from wearing shoes that are too small and or have a high heel. Abnormal pressure from poor fitting shoes causes the bones in the big toe and ... Read More
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Burns
Minor burns are common skin injuries that affect the outer most layers of the skin. Burns are caused by heat, such as fire, but can occur from several other sources, such as hot liquids, the sun, or certain chemicals. Minor ... Read More
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Carcinoid Cancer
Carcinoid cancer originates from certain hormone producing cells that line several organ systems. It most frequently occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. The exact cause of carcinoid cancer is unknown. It may or may not produce symptoms depending on where in ... Read More
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Cardiac Arrhythmia - Irregular Heartbeat
Heart arrhythmias, also called cardiac arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or unevenly. A heart arrhythmia occurs if there is a disturbance anywhere along the nerve signal pathway in the heart chambers. ... Read More
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Cardiac Catheterization
Introduction and Uses Cardiac catheterization may be used as a diagnostic or treatment procedure. It involves advancing a catheter, a thin flexible tube, into the right or left side of the heart. Cardiac catheterization can provide information about the functioning of ... Read More
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Cardiac Imaging
Cardiac imaging is a specialized branch of radiology. It uses sophisticated technology to create detailed images of the heart and blood vessels that otherwise could not be seen without open surgery. There are several different types of cardiac imaging that ... Read More
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Cardiac Stress Test
A cardiac stress test may also be referred to as an exercise ECG (electrocardiogram), stress test, or treadmill test. A cardiac stress test is used to evaluate how your heart works during exercise. The test is used to assess general ... Read More
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Cardiomyopathy- Weakened Heart Muscle
The prefix "cardio" means heart. The word "myopathy" means damaged muscle. Our heart is actually an organ made of muscle. Cardiomyopathy is actually an abnormality of the muscle of the heart. ... Read More
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Carotid Artery Disease
Carotid artery disease results when the carotid arteries become blocked, impairing their ability to transport blood efficiently. The carotid arteries carry blood from your heart to your head and brain. Carotid artery disease can develop over time from plaque buildup. This ... Read More
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Carpal Instability - Wrist Ligament Injury
Carpal instability occurs when the small bones in the wrist move out of position and compromise joint functioning. This may result when the ligaments that hold the bones together are torn or when the bones are fractured or affected by arthritis. ... Read More
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Endoscopic Release Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Open Release Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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Cartilage Tears
Articular cartilage is a substance that covers the ends of many of your bones. It cushions them during movement and provides a smooth surface for the bones in a joint to glide on. The meniscal cartilages in the knee differ ... Read More
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Cataract Surgery - Retained Lens Material
In some cases, a cataract cannot be removed completely with surgery and some of the lens material remains in the eye. If the amount of retained lens material is small, it may dissolve. If there is a large amount of ... Read More
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Cataracts
Cataracts are a common condition among older adults. A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye. The lens is a structure that helps you focus on what you see. Cataracts develop for many reasons, including advancing ... Read More
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Cavernous Malformation - Blood Vessel Mass
Cavernous malformations are irregularities in the capillaries in the brain or spinal cord. They are referred to by several other names including cavernous hemangioma, cavernoma, cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), familial hemangioma, nevus cavernosus, and cavernous angioma. Capillaries are the tiny ... Read More
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Celiac Sprue
Celiac sprue is an inherited disease that affects the way nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. It occurs when people with the genetic condition eat foods that contain gluten and other proteins. Gluten is contained in wheat, barley, rye, and ... Read More
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Central Serous Retinopathy - Inner Eye Condition
Central serous retinopathy (CSR), also known as central serous choroidopathy (CSC), is usually a temporary inner eye condition. CSR results from the build-up of fluid under the retina. The retina is similar to the film in a camera and is ... Read More
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Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer occurs when the cells in the cervix grow abnormally or out of control. The cervix is part of the female reproductive system. The exact cause of cervical cancer is unknown. Certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a ... Read More
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Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease - Spinal Cord and Nerve Compression
Cervical degenerative disc disease is a condition that can compress the spinal cord and nerves in the neck. Intervertebral discs are shock-absorbing pads located between vertebrae, the small bones that make up your spine. Aging can cause the discs to ... Read More
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Cervical Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Neck
Cervical facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the neck and/or shoulder. This technique is useful for those patients who experience short term relief following local anesthetic blocks of the nerves supplying the cervical facet ... Read More
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Cervical Radiculopathy - Cervical Nerve Compression
Cervical radiculopathy is a condition that results when a nerve is pinched or irritated as it leaves the spine in the neck. Nerves from the spinal cord exit at various levels from the spine and travel throughout the body. With ... Read More
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Cervical Selective Nerve Root Block - Neck
A cervical selective nerve root block is used to diagnose and in some cases, treat nerve pain in the neck. A variety of conditions can affect the nerves in the neck, which not only can cause pain in the neck, ... Read More
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Cervical Spondylitic Myelopathy - Spinal Cord Compression
Cervical spondylitic myelopathy is a condition that affects the spinal cord in the neck. It is the most common spinal cord disorder in the United States. Cervical spondylitic myelopathy most frequently occurs in adults because of degenerative changes in the ... Read More
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Cesarean Section (C-Section)
A cesarean section (C-Section) may be planned in advance or may become necessary during the course of labor. A cesarean section involves making an incision in the abdomen through which the baby is removed. Cesarean section may be used if ... Read More
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Chalazia
A chalazion is an inflammation within the gland of the eyelid. It forms over several weeks and appears as a reddened lump or bump on the eyelid. A chalazion can cause eyelid tenderness and painful swelling. In some cases, chalazia ... Read More
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy: An Overview Chemotherapy uses medication as a treatment for cancer. Chemotherapy is used to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. If a cure is not possible, chemotherapy may be used to relieve the symptoms of cancer. Chemotherapy may ... Read More
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Chiropractic Adjustments
Chiropractic adjustments are techniques used to free up a subluxation. A subluxation is a vertebra in the spinal column that has moved out of place slightly. A subluxation can cause pain and stiffness. A chiropractor may use a variety of ... Read More
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an irreversible lung condition. Diseases classified as COPD cause swelling of the large airways in the lungs, which obstructs or blocks the flow of air. Symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, ... Read More
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Chronic Sinusitis
Chronic sinusitis is a complication of sinusitis, an uncomfortable condition that occurs when the sinuses cannot drain. Although the average case of sinusitis may last for several weeks, chronic sinusitis results when it lasts for three months or longer, or ... Read More
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Clavicle Fracture - Broken Collar Bone
Clavicle fractures are a common orthopedic injury, especially among infants and young children. The clavicle, known as the collarbone, is a long bone located at the top of the chest. A clavicle fracture most frequently results from trauma. The majority ... Read More
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Cluster Headache
Cluster headaches are named so because they occur in predictable patterns, often as regular as clockwork. They are one of the most painful types of headaches. Fortunately, treatments and medication can help reduce symptoms and the number of headache episodes. ... Read More
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Coccydynia - Tailbone Pain
Coccydynia is an uncommon painful condition that originates from the coccyx, the tailbone at the end of the spine. Trauma and falls are the most frequent causes of coccydynia. In the vast majority of cases, nonsurgical treatment, such as medications ... Read More
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Cochlear Implants
Cochlear implants are small devices surgically placed in the ear to help people with complete deafness or near complete deafness to hear. This, in turn, can lead to improved speaking skills. In some cases, people with cochlear implants may be ... Read More
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Cold Therapy
Cold therapy is a non-surgical non-medication modality used to help relieve pain and swelling. Cold therapy is commonly used immediately following an injury. There are many forms of cold therapy, including ice massage, commercial cold packs, or ice packs. Your doctor ... Read More
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Collagen Injections
Collagen injections are nonsurgical cosmetic procedures used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Collagen injections are most frequently used to treat frown lines, crow’s feet, laugh lines, and smile lines. It is also used to add fullness or ... Read More
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Colon and Rectal Polyps
Colon and rectal polyps are small growths that project out from the inside lining of the large intestine or rectum. They usually are noncancerous and produce no symptoms. However, some polyps can turn into cancer. Polyps that turn into cancer ... Read More
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Colon Cancer
Colon cancer is a common type of cancer. Colon cancer occurs when cells in the interior lining of the colon or large intestine grow abnormally and out of control. The exact cause of colon cancer is unknown. In most cases, ... Read More
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Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is a procedure that uses a scope to view the inside lining of the entire colon. A scope is a long thin tube with a light and a viewing instrument that sends images to a monitor. The scope ... Read More
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Common Cold
Colds are a very common medical condition. There are over two hundred viruses that can cause the common cold. The viruses are easily transmitted from person to person. Coughing, sneezing, a sore throat, and a runny nose are typical cold ... Read More
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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a type of chronic pain syndrome. CRPS was formerly called reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and shoulder-hand syndrome. CRPS causes severe burning pain and possible eventual deterioration of an affected arm or leg. The cause ... Read More
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Compulsive Overeating
Compulsive overeating is a disorder of eating behaviors. People who compulsively overeat will continuously eat throughout the day or experience repeated episodes of consuming very large amounts of food. They are most frequently overweight and males. Compulsive overeating can lead ... Read More
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Computed Tomography (CT)
Computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive procedure that is used to provide detailed views of the bones, blood vessels, brain, and dense tissues. With CT, cross-sectional images are produced in a series of slices similar to the slices that make ... Read More
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Concussion (TBI)
A concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs from a direct hit to the head. Concussions can also occur when the head or body is forcefully shaken. Brain injuries can lead to temporary confusion, headaches, and much more. ... Read More
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Conduct Disorder
Conduct disorders are one of the most common psychological disorders among children and adolescents. Children or teenagers with a conduct disorder display a consistent disregard for the rules of society or rules at home. They may continually demonstrate socially unacceptable ... Read More
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Congenital Hand Differences
Congenital hand differences are abnormalities present at birth. They occur before birth when an embryo is developing the upper extremity. Congenital hand differences are caused by genetic, environmental, and unknown reasons. A variety of hand conditions may occur. A hand ... Read More
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Congestive heart failure (CHF) develops when the heart cannot pump enough blood for the body. The most common causes of CHF are high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. CHF is usually a progressive long-term condition. Many forms of CHF ... Read More
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Conjunctivitis - Inner Eyelid Infection
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is a thin film that covers the inside of your eyelids and the whites of your eyes. There are many causes and types of conjunctivitis. Some kinds are contagious ... Read More
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Constipation
Constipation refers to a change and decrease in bowel movements. Constipation can be very uncomfortable but is rarely linked to a serious medical condition. It can cause hard stools that are difficult and painful to pass. A poor diet, poor ... Read More
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Contact Dermatitis
For some people, objects as common as rubber soled shoes, jewelry, or cleaning products can cause contact dermatitis, a type of skin reaction. Contact dermatitis appears as an itchy red rash on the skin. It develops when the skin touches a ... Read More
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Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure or CPAP (pronounced “see – pap”) is a treatment used for breathing problems where mild air pressure flows constantly into the patient’s mouth and/or nose to keep airways open. A machine works in conjunction with a ... Read More
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Contraception - Birth Control Methods
Contraception can reduce the risk of pregnancy. There are many types of birth control methods. Some forms of birth control require a doctor’s prescription or a medical procedure, while others may be purchased as over-the-counter products. Some forms of birth ... Read More
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Corneal Abrasion or Injury
Corneal abrasions and injuries are common. Your cornea is located at the front of your eye. It may be scratched or injured by substances, such as dirt, sand, or chemicals. Contact lenses or ultraviolet light may harm the cornea. Puncture ... Read More
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Corns
Corns are small raised thick areas that develop on the tops of the feet or toes. Corns occur because of friction from wearing poorly fitting shoes or as the result of foot deformities. It is best to consult a podiatrist, ... Read More
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Clogging of Heart Arteries
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD) and atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD), is caused by a thickening of the walls of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. The thickened arteries cause the blood ... Read More
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Costovertebral Block
Your ribs are joined to your spine by the costovertebral joints in your upper back. A variety of conditions can cause pain in this area. A costovertebral block is a procedure that is used both to diagnose and treat the source ... Read More
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Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy is a painless, in-office procedure. It is a freezing method used to remove benign skin lesions. Well-defined lesions and tumors are ideal for freezing, as the doctor can easily identify and treat the appropriate area. Cryotherapy is also ... Read More
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CT Guided Sinus Surgery
Computed tomography (CT) guided sinus surgery is a state-of-the-art treatment method for people with chronic sinus problems. Sinusitis occurs when the sinuses become blocked and cannot drain. The condition can be quite uncomfortable, causing congestion, pressure, and pain in the ... Read More
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Cubital Tunnel Syndrome - Ulnar Nerve Transposition (Elbow)
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition caused by pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Nerves carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and body parts. When a nerve is compressed, it cannot function properly. Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is ... Read More
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Cysts
Cysts are harmless growths that develop beneath the skin. They appear as small moveable bumps. Cysts usually grow slowly and do not cause pain. Occasionally, cysts can become infected. Your doctor can safely and easily remove cysts that bother you. ... Read More
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Da Vinci Robotic Surgery
IntroductionRobotic surgery with the da Vinci® Surgical System allows surgery to be performed with smaller incisions compared to traditional open surgery. By making only a few tiny incisions, patients benefit from having less pain, less scarring, less bleeding, and less ... Read More
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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Blood Clots in Deep Veins
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that forms in the deep large veins of the pelvis, legs, thighs, or arms. A DVT can reduce or block the flow of blood in a vein. It may dislodge and ... Read More
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Depression
Depression is a real medical condition that is treatable. Depression is not a “normal part” of every day life. Common symptoms of depression include feeling sad, irritable, tired, and uninterested in activities that used to be enjoyable. Everyone feels this ... Read More
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deQuervain's Tendonitis - Wrist Tendonitis
De Quervain’s Tendonitis is a condition caused by an inflammation of the tendons located at the thumb side of the wrist. Tendons are tissues that attach our muscles to our bones. They can become swollen and sore from over use. ... Read More
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Deviated Septum
The shape of your nose can give your face “character,” but it may also give you headaches, breathing problems, sinus infections, and cause snoring. The septum in most people’s nose is naturally a bit off center. The septum is the ... Read More
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Diabetes - Gestational
Gestational Diabetes is the most common pregnancy complication. Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is a source of fuel. Normally, insulin, a hormone, helps glucose get into the body cells where it ... Read More
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Diabetes - Type 1
Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is used as a source of fuel for the body. Normally, the hormone insulin helps glucose enter the cells where it is used for energy. People ... Read More
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Diabetes - Type 2 & Pre-Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is a source of fuel. Normally, the hormone insulin helps ... Read More
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Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a body water balance disorder. DI, also called “water diabetes,” is not the same type of diabetes as “sugar diabetes,” or Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, or Gestational Diabetes. The diseases resemble each other because ... Read More
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Diabetic Foot
Foot problems are a common complication of Diabetes. Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses glucose, a sugar that is a source of fuel for the body. Normally, insulin, a hormone, helps glucose get into ... Read More
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Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels in the retina that is caused by Diabetes. The retina is located at the back of your eye. Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent type of diabetes-related eye complication and a leading cause ... Read More
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a very common condition for people of all ages. A viral infection, such as the stomach flu, or a bacterial infection most frequently causes diarrhea. Less commonly, diarrhea is associated with an underlying medical condition. Symptoms include the ... Read More
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Digital Mammography with CAD
Digital mammography with computer-aided detection (CAD) is a state-of-the-art screening method for breast cancer. Traditional mammograms use film to record images. Digital mammography creates images on a high-resolution computer. The computerized images can be manipulated by a radiologist for a ... Read More
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Digital x-ray
Digital x-rays are used to create images of the structures inside of the body. X-rays assist doctors with diagnosis and treatment planning. Traditional x-rays use film and chemicals. Digital x-rays are filmless and images are stored electronically on a computer. ... Read More
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Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
Dilation and curettage (D&C) is a fairly common, minor surgical procedure. D&Cs are used to remove the lining of the uterus. A D&C may be performed to obtain tissue samples to diagnose a condition, treat irregular or heavy bleeding, remove ... Read More
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Discography
Discography is a diagnostic procedure to help identify the source of back or neck pain. Discs are cushions located between the bones that make up your spine. Normally, discs act as shock-absorbers to protect the bones in the spine. Aging or ... Read More
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Double Vision - Diplopia
Double vision, termed diplopia, causes a person to actually see two images of a single object or item. It can occur in both eyes (Binocular Diplopia) or it may occur in just one eye (Minocular Diplopia). Double images may appear beside, ... Read More
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Dry Eye
Dry eyes are a common condition. Dry eyes occur when your eyes do not produce enough tears to keep them moist. This may happen under certain circumstances, such as from side effects of some medications or being in a dry ... Read More
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Dupuytren's Disease
Dupuytren’s disease causes an abnormal thickening of the tissues located underneath the skin in the palm of the hand. As the tissue thickens it can form lumps and strong cords. The abnormal growth causes the fingers to bend in ... Read More
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Dysmenorrhea - Painful Periods
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for very painful menstrual cramps. All females may experience cramps at one time or another, but for those with dysmenorrhea, severe pain and stomach problems may interfere with their daily activities. Dysmenorrhea may or may ... Read More
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Ear Surgery (Cosmetic) - Otoplasty
No set of ears are exactly alike, but some people find protruding ears to be unattractive or bothersome. They can make children and adults self-conscious and the target of teasing. Fortunately, cosmetic ear surgery called otoplasty can reposition the ears ... Read More
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Earache
Earache, medically termed otalgia, is pain that occurs in the ear. Ear infections are a frequent cause of earache, especially in infants and children. Air pressure changes and earwax buildup are also common causes. There are varities of treatments for ... Read More
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Earwax Blockage
Earwax blockage is a condition that results when wax that is normally produced in the ear builds up. Earwax blockage can cause earache, temporary hearing loss, and unusual sounds to be heard in the affected ear. A doctor can remove ... Read More
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Eating Disorders and Weight Management
People with eating disorders have problems with their eating behavior, thoughts, and emotions. They may use food as a coping mechanism for negative emotions. They may attempt to control their weight by controlling their food intake. Eating disorders are a ... Read More
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Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram is usually also be referred to as a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Doppler ultrasound of the heart, or surface echo. An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. During the procedure, sound waves create a “live” picture of the ... Read More
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Eczema
Eczema is a chronic hypersensitive skin reaction, similar to an allergy. Atopic dermatitis is a common form of eczema. The hallmark symptoms of eczema are intense itching and a red rash. Environmental irritants, stress, water, and temperature changes may worsen ... Read More
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Electrocardiogram - ECG
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is useful for identifying if the heart is beating normally. It may be used for people with chest pain, heart palpitations, or suspected heart disease. An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart. It ... Read More
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Electromyography (EMG) - Nerve Test
Electromyography (EMG) is an electrodiagnostic test that measures the nerve impulses in muscles during contraction. Nerves throughout the body exchange information with the brain through nerve impulses. Healthy muscles need nerve input to perform movements. Doctors use EMG to identify muscle ... Read More
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Emphysema
Emphysema is a lung disease. The condition of emphysema makes it difficult to exhale air and empty the lungs when breathing. In turn, the lungs are unable to completely fill up with fresh air when inhaling. This leads to a ... Read More
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Endocarditis - Infection of the Heart Valves
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. It may occur following a bacterial or fungal infection or for unknown reasons. Endocarditis produces a variety of symptoms, and if left untreated, can ... Read More
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Endometriosis
Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of uterine-lining tissue outside of the uterus. Endometriosis frequently develops on the outside of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or pelvic lining. It is a common problem that needs monitoring and treatment because complications may ... Read More
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Endophthalmitis - Inner Eye Infection
Endophthalmitis is a serious inner eye infection. It is most frequently caused by bacteria that enters the inner eye, which may result following eye surgery, general surgery, blood disease, or eye injury. Endophthalmitis is a medical emergency. You should contact ... Read More
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Enlarged Prostate (BPH)
An enlarged prostate gland is a very common condition. The prostate is a golf ball sized gland in men. It is located underneath the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is very common for a prostate gland to ... Read More
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Environmental Allergy
Runny noses, itchy watery eyes, and sneezing bother many Americans with environmental allergies, especially during pollen season. While outdoor allergies from grass, weeds, and trees may be seasonal, indoor allergies from dust mites and pet dander can cause problems all ... Read More
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Epidural Injections - Low Back (Lumbar)
Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for low back (lumbar) pain and pain radiating into the legs. The procedure involves delivering pain relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short ... Read More
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Epidural Injections - Neck (Cervical Transforaminal Steroid Injection)
Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections are a non-surgical option to ease pain in the neck, shoulder and upper extremity. The neck is a vulnerable part of the spine and is susceptible to injury and degeneration. A variety of conditions can ... Read More
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Epidural Injections - Upper Back (Thoracic)
Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for upper back (thoracic) pain. The procedure involves delivering pain-relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short outpatient procedure. Epidural injections can be very ... Read More
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a disorder that is caused by a surge of abnormal nerve signals in the brain. Repeated seizures are the main symptom of epilepsy. In many cases, the cause of epilepsy is unknown. Treatment for epilepsy involves medications, dietary ... Read More
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Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is the inability to maintain an erection long enough to have sexual intercourse. It is normal for men to have trouble maintaining an erection from time to time. However, if it occurs more than 25% of the time, it may be time ... Read More
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Essure® - Contraception
Essure® is a new advanced method of contraception. Essure is a permanent, non-reversible, FDA approved female sterilization method. Unlike traditional surgical sterilization procedures or other forms of contraception, Essure involves no incisions, general anesthesia, or hormones. Essure is a minimally ... Read More
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Exercise Therapy - Chiropractic Treatment
Exercise therapy is a part of chiropractic care that focuses on helping the body function at a higher level of efficiency. Exercise is important for helping all body systems function optimally while preventing injury and deterioration. Exercise therapy may help ... Read More
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Exercise Therapy - Pain Management
Exercise therapy focuses on helping the body function at a higher level of efficiency. Exercise is important for helping all body systems function optimally while preventing injury, pain, and deterioration. Exercise therapy may help improve flexibility, strength, endurance, and posture. ... Read More
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Extensor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
An extensor tendon injury occurs when the tendon is torn, cut or otherwise detached. The extensor tendons attach to the back of your fingers and thumbs. They allow your fingers and thumbs to straighten and perform fine coordinated movements. Extensor ... Read More
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Eye Allergies
Eye allergies are usually more annoying than they are dangerous. Eye allergies are common. In fact, about 50% of people with general allergies experience eye allergies. In many cases, over-the-counter medications can help relieve itchy watery eyes. However, if your ... Read More
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Eye Injury
The eye can be injured quite easily. Trauma may result from cuts, scratches, penetration, debris, light, chemicals, and blunt forces. Except for the most trivial injuries, eye trauma needs immediate professional evaluation and treatment. Untreated eye trauma may lead to ... Read More
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Eye Tumors
Tumors inside of the eye, referred to as intraocular tumors, are composed of cells that grow abnormally and create a mass. There are many types of eye tumors. Eye tumors can be benign or malignant. Your doctor can detect an intraocular tumor ... Read More
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Eye Ultrasound, A-Scan & B-Scan - Eye Imaging Test
Ultrasound, also referred to as echography, uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the internal eye structures. It is a helpful diagnostic tool if cataracts or other conditions prevent a doctor from viewing inside of your eye with ... Read More
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Eyelid Lift - Blepharoplasty
An eyelid lift, also called blepharoplasty, is a cosmetic surgery procedure that improves the appearance of the upper and/or lower eyelids. The procedure removes fat and excess skin from the upper and lower eyelids. An eyelid lift may also be ... Read More
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Face Lift
A face lift is a cosmetic surgery procedure used to improve the appearance of aging facial skin. It is one of the most frequently performed cosmetic treatments. Face lifts are most popular among people in their forties to sixties; however, ... Read More
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Facet Injections - Pain Management
Facet injections are non-surgical treatments to relieve pain and inflammation of the facet joints in the spine. Facet joints are located on the top and bottom of each vertebra. Facet joints connect the vertebrae to form the spine and allow ... Read More
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Facet Joint Syndrome - Pain Management
The facet joints connect the bones that align to make up the spine. Healthy facet joints glide freely and allow movement. The natural aging process, injury, arthritis, and certain spine conditions can change the way that the facet joints move and ... Read More
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Facial Peels
Facial peels, also called Chemical Peels, are nonsurgical cosmetic treatments used to improve the appearance of facial skin (skin resurfacing). Aging, sun exposure, acne, mild scarring, wrinkles, and discoloration can cause facial skin to appear old, rough, leathery, and unattractive. ... Read More
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Farsightedness - Hyperopia
Farsightedness, medically termed hyperopia, is a type of refraction error. People with farsightedness can see distant objects clearly but have difficulty seeing objects that are close. Nearby objects appear blurry. Farsightedness is easily corrected with glasses or contact lenses. ... Read More
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Female Reproductive System: An Overview
The female reproductive system matures in girls during puberty. It serves several functions, including hormone production, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, childbirth, menstruation, and menopause. The female reproductive system consists of internal organs and external genitalia. ... Read More
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Female Sexual Dysfunction
Historically, female sexual difficulties were believed to be psychological. Today, physicians realize that the female sexual response is a complex process that can involve many factors, including psychological and physical components. It is common for most women to experience sexual ... Read More
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Femur Fracture - Broken Thigh Bone
The bone in your thigh is called the femur. It is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is very difficult to break or fracture, but it can, as the result of a high impact vehicle crash or fall ... Read More
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Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes widespread pain and tender points on muscles. Although the exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, there appear to be several factors that may contribute to it. In addition to lifestyle changes and physical ... Read More
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Flashes and Floaters
Most people experience flashes of light and floaters or specks in the field of vision from time to time. Flashes and floaters occur naturally with increasing age. Flashes and floaters that occur suddenly or are accompanied by vision loss may be ... Read More
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Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
A flexible sigmoidoscopy is a procedure that uses a sigmoidoscope to view the inside lining of the rectum and lower section of the colon. A sigmoidoscope is a thin tube that is about twenty inches long. It has a light ... Read More
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Flexor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
A flexor tendon injury occurs when the tendon is cut or ruptures. The flexor tendons attached at the palm side of your fingers and thumbs. They allow your finger and thumb joints to bend, grasp items, and perform fine coordinated ... Read More
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Flu and Flu Shots
The flu is a respiratory disease that affects the nose, throat, and lungs. The influenza virus type A, B, or C causes it. The flu is very contagious. Symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, cough, and a lack of energy. ... Read More
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Fluorescein Angiography - Blood Vessel Imaging
Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that is used to detect blood circulation problems in the retina and choroid, structures that are located in the back of your eyes. The test uses an injected dye and a special camera to ... Read More
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Fluoroscopy
A fluoroscopy is a live X-ray that creates real-time images. It is especially useful for diagnosing upper or lower digestive tract disorders (barium enema, barium swallow) or joint problems (arthrography). The live images can help a doctor determine how a ... Read More
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Food Allergies
Many people have food intolerances, such as lactose intolerance with milk, but true food allergies only affect about 1% of all people. Food allergies are more common in children, and some children outgrow them. People with food allergies should avoid ... Read More
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Food Poisoning
Each year more than 76 million cases of food poisoning occur in the United States. Food poisoning occurs when contaminated food is eaten. There are many types of germs that can cause food poisoning. The majority of people with food ... Read More
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Fractures
Bones are the hardest tissues in your body. Although bones are strong, they can split or break under too much pressure or force. A broken bone is called a fracture. Fractures can occur in a variety of ... Read More
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Full Body Lift - Body Contouring After Major Weight Loss
Significant weight loss following weight reduction surgery or dieting and exercise can result in excess skin and tissue that cannot “shrink” to be in proportion with the new body size. Skin that was overstretched from weight gain may not have ... Read More
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Fundus Photography - Back of the Eye Imaging
Fundus photography is a specialized medical imaging test used to take pictures of the structures located at the back of the eye, including the retina. It produces a series of photos that are helpful for diagnosing, documenting, and monitoring certain ... Read More
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Fungus Skin Infection - Tinea
Fungus is a microorganism that naturally grows in almost all of our surroundings. Fungus thrives in warm moist areas, such as damp floors, bathrooms, or clothing. Skin infections can develop from contact with fungus. There are several types of fungal ... Read More
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Gallbladder Disease/Gallstones
Gallbladder disease is caused by conditions that slow or block the flow of bile from the gallbladder. Bile is a fluid that breaks down fat during the digestive process. Inflammation or gallstones can block the bile flow. Gallstones are solid ... Read More
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Ganglion Cysts - Wrist/Hand Lumps and Bumps
Ganglion Cysts are a common condition. They are not harmful or cancerous, although they may cause some people discomfort. Ganglion Cysts usually appear as bumps on the back of the hand and at either side of the wrist. They are ... Read More
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Gas and Bloating
Gas symptoms occur daily as part of your normal digestive process. Belching, burping, and passing gas (flatulence) eliminates gas from your digestive tract. Excess gas can cause discomfort, pain, and bloating. Gas symptoms are produced by swallowed air and the breakdown ... Read More
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Gastric Banding
Obesity is a growing nationwide epidemic. Obesity is associated with serious health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Doctors may recommend the gastric banding weight loss surgery for people that are very obese and have not lost ... Read More
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Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is most frequently caused by viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms of gastroenteritis include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Usually, treatment is aimed at preventing dehydration. Certain bacterial causes are ... Read More
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is a common type of anxiety disorder. People with generalized anxiety disorder experience excessive worry and anxiety over daily circumstances. They may feel that they have little control over their internal tension and it may interfere with ... Read More
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GERD (Reflux)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a digestive condition. It is also called Peptic Esophagitis and Reflux Esophagitis. GERD results when stomach contents and stomach acids enter the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that transfers food from your throat to ... Read More
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Glaucoma
Glaucoma is an eye disorder that occurs from damage to the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries nerve signals about what you see to your brain for processing. Glaucoma most frequently results from an imbalance of fluid production and drainage ... Read More
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Goiter
A goiter is a lump or swelling that appears at the front of the neck. It is actually an enlargement or nodule on the thyroid gland that can result from a variety of conditions. Your thyroid gland produces hormones that ... Read More
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Golfer's Elbow - Medial Epicondylitis
Golfer's Elbow (medial epicondylitis) is a type of cumulative trauma injury. Golfer's Elbow results when the tendons that attach to the inner elbow degenerate. Tendons do not stretch easily and are vulnerable to degeneration during repetitive motions, such as those ... Read More
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Gout
Gout is a disorder that can cause sudden joint pain. It occurs most commonly in the big toe, although it may affect other joints. The buildup of uric acid, a substance found naturally in the body and in certain foods, ... Read More
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Hair Loss
Hair loss, also referred to as alopecia or balding, is a very common condition. Balding is very common in men, although both men and women tend to lose hair thickness as they age. In most cases, hair loss is inherited ... Read More
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Hamstring Muscle Injuries
Hamstring muscle injuries create sudden pain at the back of the thigh. Hamstring injuries occur most frequently among athletes and dancers. The hamstring muscles can strain or tear. Most hamstring tears do not require surgery. Physical rehabilitation following hamstring strain ... Read More
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Hand Dislocations
Hand dislocations occur when a force causes the bones in the fingers or wrist to move out of position. Sports, falls, job-related injuries, and motor vehicle crashes are the most common causes of hand dislocations. Symptoms can include deformity, extreme ... Read More
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Hand Nerve Injury and Repair
Nerve injuries in the hand can result from cuts, pressure, stretching, or crush injuries. An injured nerve cannot transmit nerve signals. An injured nerve can cause a lack of sensation, movement, or both. Some types of nerve ... Read More
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Hand Therapy
Hand Therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation. Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist or physical therapist with advanced skills or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for hand therapy. A CHT is an occupational or physical therapist ... Read More
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Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancers include those that occur in the structures of the neck, throat, mouth, nose, and sinuses. The majority of head and neck cancers are caused by the use of tobacco products and alcohol. Head and neck cancer ... Read More
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Headaches - Chiropractic Treatment
Headaches are a very common condition. Headaches can cause pain in the head, face, and neck. There are several different types and causes of headaches. Traditionally, medication has been used to treat headaches. Recent studies indicate that long-term chiropractic treatment ... Read More
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Hearing Aids
Hearing is a complex process that involves your ear, nerves, and brain. A hearing impairment or loss may result if any of the structures are disrupted. Fortunately, hearing aids can help people with certain types of hearing loss hear, communicate, ... Read More
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Hearing Loss & Deafness: An Overview
Partial or complete hearing loss (deafness) may be temporary or permanent, depending on the type and cause. Some people are born with an inability to hear and for others, hearing loss may develop over time. You should contact your doctor ... Read More
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Heart Attack - Myocardial Infarction (MI)
A heart attack is a life-threatening emergency condition. Heart attack, medically termed myocardial infarction (MI), is the leading cause of death for men and women. A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygenated blood and ... Read More
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Heart Disease
Heart disease, also called cardiovascular disease, is a common problem in the United States. It occurs when the heart and blood vessels do not function properly. The most common cause is narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood ... Read More
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Heel Cracks
Cracked heels (heel fissures) are a common foot condition. The condition develops in dry skin or calluses on the heel if there is too much pressure on the skin. Moisturizing creams, clinical skin treatments, heel cups, or insoles can help. ... Read More
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Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT)
Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT) is a state-of-the-art imaging method used to evaluate the optic nerve for subtle changes related to glaucoma. The optic nerve carries nerve signals about what you see to your brain for processing. Glaucoma is an eye ... Read More
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Hemangioblastoma - Brain & Spinal Cord
Hemangioblastomas are noncancerous tumors that develop in the brain or spinal cord. Some hemangioblastomas are caused by an inherited disorder; others occur sporadically. The tumors may cause a host of neurological symptoms, depending on their size and location. In most ... Read More
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Hepatitis B and C
Hepatitis means that the liver is inflamed. Liver inflammation can occur for several reasons, and there are different types of hepatitis. Hepatitis B and C result from viral infections. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted from an infected person to ... Read More
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Hernia
A hernia results when the supportive muscle layer that covers the intestines is weakened or ruptures, allowing a portion of the intestine or tissue to protrude through it. A hernia may or may not cause symptoms. It may appear as ... Read More
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Herniated Disc - Pain Management
A herniated disc, also called a “ruptured” disc, is a common source of neck or lower back pain. Discs are cushion-like pads that are located between the series of small bones that make up the spine. A herniated disc occurs ... Read More
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Herniated Disc Cervical/ACDF - Slipped Disc in the Neck
A herniated or “ruptured” disc is a common source of neck pain and arm pain. Discs are the shock-absorbing pads that are between vertebrae, the series of small bones that make up your spine. Your cervical spine is located in ... Read More
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Herniated Lumbar Discs - Chiropractic Treatment
A herniated or “ruptured” disc is a common source of low back pain. Discs are the shock-absorbing pads that are between vertebrae, the series of bones that make up your spine. The lumbar spine is located in your lower back. ... Read More
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Hiatal Hernia
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm, the muscle inside of the chest wall. A hiatal hernia may cause no symptoms. However, symptoms can occur from the back up of stomach acids, air, or ... Read More
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High Blood Pressure - Hypertension (HTN)
High blood pressure, or hypertension (HTN), is a common condition in the United States. High blood pressure is termed a “silent killer” because it usually does not have symptoms but can cause significant cardiovascular and organ damage. The only way to know ... Read More
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High Cholesterol - Dyslipidemia
High cholesterol occurs when there is too much or an unhealthy balance of cholesterol in the blood. Your body needs some cholesterol for healthy functioning but too much is dangerous to your health. High cholesterol has no symptoms. The only ... Read More
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High-Risk Pregnancy
All pregnancies have some degree of risk, but high-risk pregnancies carry more risks to the mother and developing baby. A pregnancy may be termed high-risk if you have a medical condition or if you develop one during pregnancy. All pregnancies ... Read More
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Hip Fracture - ORIF
Hip Fractures are most commonly caused by falls. The risk for Hip Fractures increases with age. Older adults, especially those over the age of 85, are at the highest risk because of changes in bone structure and overall health. Medical ... Read More
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Hip Resurfacing
Hip resurfacing is a procedure that is used to relieve pain and restore function for people with arthritis or other hip conditions. Unlike traditional total hip replacement, hip resurfacing does not remove the bones in the joint, but instead resurfaces ... Read More
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HIV and AIDS
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a viral infection that gradually destroys the immune system and progresses to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is primarily spread from an infected person to another during sexual activity, needle sharing, or ... Read More
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Hives
Hives (Urticaria) are red or white itchy bumps that appear on the skin. Hives result from allergic reactions, environmental factors, and certain medical conditions. In many cases, hives resolve without medical treatment. Over-the-counter or prescription medications are the standard treatments ... Read More
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Hoarseness
Hoarseness can make it sound like you have a “frog in your throat.” Your voice may sound rough and change throughout the day. In most cases, hoarseness is not the sign of a serious problem and is easily treated by ... Read More
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Humerus Fracture - Broken Upper Arm
Humerus fractures are common. The humerus is the long bone in your upper arm. A fracture is a broken bone. The humerus is most frequently fractured as the result of a fall or motor vehicle crash. Depending on the location ... Read More
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Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition that results when the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of hormones. The parathyroid glands are located next to the thyroid gland at the front of your neck. Hyperparathyroidism may or may not produce symptoms. The condition ... Read More
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Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Your thyroid gland is located at the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones regulate your body metabolism. Metabolism refers to all of the chemical processes ... Read More
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition that most often occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Your thyroid gland is located at the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones regulate your body metabolism. Metabolism refers to all of ... Read More
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Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is a common surgical procedure that is used to remove the uterus. It may be recommended to treat cancer or uterine conditions that do not respond to other types of treatment. Once a hysterectomy is performed, a woman ... Read More
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Idiopathic Hypersomnia - Sleeping 10+ hours
Idiopathic hypersomnia is a serious sleep disorder. People with idiopathic hypersomnia sleep for long periods during the night, may nap during the day, and still feel excessively sleepy no matter how much they sleep. The cause of idiopathic hypersomnia is ... Read More
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Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) is a type of external beam radiation therapy for cancer that adjusts for the location (or position) of a cancer tumor throughout treatment. Cancer tumors may move, change size, and change shape throughout the course of ... Read More
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Incontinence - Urine
Urinary incontinence is as concerning as it can be inconvenient and embarrassing. Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine. It is not a disease, but rather a symptom. There are many causes of incontinence; some are more serious than ... Read More
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Indigestion
Indigestion is a common condition and affects people of all ages. Indigestion can occur for many reasons. Cigarette smoking and the consumption of certain foods, medications, and alcohol can contribute to indigestion. Indigestion can be a symptom of stress. Some ... Read More
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Indocyanine Green (ICG) Angiography - Blood Vessel Imaging
Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography is an eye test that is used to detect blood circulation problems in the choroid. The choroid is a blood vessel layer located under the retina in the back of your eye. The test uses an ... Read More
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Crohn's Disease
Crohn’s disease is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease. It is believed to result when the immune system, which usually fights diseases, attacks the cells in the GI tract. When the cells in the digestive system are attacked, the cell ... Read More
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammatory damage in the lining of the rectum and colon. The primary symptoms of ulcerative colitis include abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea. The cause of ulcerative colitis ... Read More
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Ingrown Toenails
Ingrown toenails are a common condition in adults. They occur when the corner of a toenail grows into the skin or when the skin grows over the toenail. Ingrown toenails cause pain and swelling. If left untreated, they can lead ... Read More
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Insect Sting Allergy
Itching and swelling from insect stings annoy millions of Americans each year. For some people, stings from certain insects can cause allergic reactions. While most stinging insects do not cause an allergic reaction, honeybees, yellow jackets, hornets, wasps, and fire ... Read More
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Insomnia
Insomnia is the inability to achieve a restful and sustained night’s sleep. You may have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. A lack of sleep may make you feel tired during the day, ... Read More
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Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) Laser Vein Removal
With increasing age, the majority of women and large numbers of men experience unsightly varicose and spider veins in their legs. These vascular lesions may appear for many reasons including increasing age, heredity, hormone changes, and obesity. In the past, ... Read More
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Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block
An interscalene brachial plexus block uses injected medication to numb the shoulder and upper arm prior to surgical procedures or repositioning (reduction) of a dislocated shoulder. An interscalene brachial plexus block delivers numbing medication to nerves in the shoulder and ... Read More
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Interstitial Cystitis
Interstitial cystitis is an ongoing bladder problem that causes an urgency to urinate, frequent urination, and pain. Episodes may come and go. Although there is no cure for interstitial cystitis, there are a variety of treatments that can help to ... Read More
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Interventional Radiology
Interventional radiology is a specialized branch of radiology. It uses sophisticated technology to create detailed images of internal organs and structures. The images are used to guide minimally invasive procedures that are used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. There are ... Read More
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common gastrointestinal (GI) disorder. It is also referred to as nervous indigestion, spastic colon, and functional bowel disease. IBS is defined by the symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea or constipation for a prolonged ... Read More
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Keratoconus
Keratoconus is an eye condition that typically first develops during the teenage years. It causes the cornea, a part of the eye that plays a role in focusing, to change shape, which leads to blurred vision. A hallmark sign of ... Read More
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Kienbock's Disease (Wrist)
Kienbock’s disease is a progressive condition that affects the lunate bone in the wrist. It occurs when there is a disruption of the blood supply to the lunate bone. Without a proper blood supply, the lunate bone decays and dies. ... Read More
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Knee Arthroscopy
The knee is the largest joint in our body. It is one of the most easily injured joints. Our knees are exposed and vulnerable to sport or work injuries. Knee problems can also occur from disease, aging, or “wear and ... Read More
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Knee Tendon Bursitis - "Goosefoot"
Knee tendon bursitis can develop at the inner (medial) knee. Knee tendon bursitis results from trauma, overuse, and degenerative joint disease. The painful inflammatory condition develops most frequently in athletes, middle-aged women with obesity, and older adults with arthritis. Knee ... Read More
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Labyrinthitis
Labyrinthitis is inflammation that affects the balance center in the inner ear. It commonly develops after a middle ear infection, upper respiratory infection, or allergies. The main symptoms are a false sense that the environment is moving and feeling off ... Read More
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Lacerations (Cuts & Scratches)
Lacerations are cuts or scratches that cause a skin wound. Lacerations that are not deep can heal with home treatments. Deep severe lacerations require medical treatment, such as stitches to close the wound and promote healing. Steps should be taken to ... Read More
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Laminaplasty- Cervical Spine - Pain Management
The cervical spine is composed of a series of small bones in your neck. Your spinal cord is located in an opening inside of the bones. The spinal cord and spinal nerves exchange information between your brain and body. Certain ... Read More
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Laparoscopic Appendectomy
Laparoscopic appendectomy is an advanced minimally invasive surgical procedure that is used to remove the appendix in people with appendicitis. Your appendix is a small growth that extends off your large intestine. Although the appendix has no known purpose, it ... Read More
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat gallbladder disease. Your gallbladder is a small organ located in your right upper abdomen. Your gallbladder works with your liver and pancreas to produce bile and digestive enzymes to ... Read More
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Laparoscopic Colon Resection
Laparoscopic colon resection surgery is an advanced minimally invasive procedure to remove a diseased section of the colon. Your colon is part of your digestive system. The first part of the colon absorbs water and nutrients from the digested material ... Read More
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Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass
Laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery is a procedure that is used to help people with significant obesity lose weight. The surgery reduces the size of the stomach and reroutes the small intestine. As a result, people feel full sooner and eat ... Read More
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Laparoscopic Splenectomy
Laparoscopic splenectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that is used to remove a diseased or enlarged spleen. Your spleen is located to the left of your stomach. The spleen acts as a filter to help fight infections and maintain ... Read More
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Laparoscopy - Gynecologic
A laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a laparoscope to view the internal female reproductive organs. A laparoscope is a type of endoscope. It consists of a thin tube with a light and viewing instrument. Images from ... Read More
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Laser Assisted Liposuction
Laser Assisted Liposuction is a revolutionary new minimally invasive liposuction method. Like traditional liposuction, Laser Assisted Liposuction is used to improve the appearance of the body by removing troublesome areas of fat that persist despite diet and exercise. However, the Laser Assisted Liposuction system uses an ... Read More
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LASIK- Laser Eye Surgery
LASIK (Laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis) is a type of laser eye surgery. It is used to correct myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Myopia is nearsightedness, hyperopia is farsightedness, and astigmatism is a focusing abnormality. LASIK surgery is an alternative to wearing ... Read More
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Lipomas
Lipomas are fat capsules located underneath the skin. They are usually harmless and common. Lipomas look like round lumps. They may be small or grow to over an inch. They most frequently occur on the arms and trunk. Lipomas do ... Read More
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Liposuction
Liposuction (lipoplasty) is a cosmetic surgery procedure that allows fat removal beneath the skin’s surface using small remote incisions to create improved proportions resulting in a better looking figure. For some people, excess fat may remain in certain areas of ... Read More
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Liver Cancer
Primary liver cancer originates in the cells of the liver. Metastasized liver cancer occurs when cancer from other locations in the body spreads to the liver. Liver cancer that is identified and treated early is associated with the best outcomes. ... Read More
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Low Back Pain
The vertebrae in your lower back are larger than in any other part of your spine. Vertebrae are the series of bones that align to form your spine. The spinal section in your lower back is called the lumbar spine. ... Read More
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Lower GI Series /Barium Enema
A Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) Series or Barium Enema test provides a series of X-ray images of the large intestine. A barium enema can be used to screen for colon cancer and bowel diseases. Prior to taking X-rays, barium, a chalky ... Read More
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Lumbar Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Pain Management
Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain that originates in the spine joints of the lower back. Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy is useful for people that experienced relief following nerve blocks to the area. The procedure “turns ... Read More
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Lumbar Stabilization - Chiropractic Treatment
Postural imbalances, overuse, and muscle strain in the lumbar spine area commonly cause low back pain. The lumbar spine is located in your lower back. It forms the curve below your waist. Strong ligaments and muscles connect to your spinal ... Read More
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Lung Cancer
Lung cancer occurs when cells in the lung grow abnormally out of control and form tumors. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Smoking causes the majority of lung cancer cases. Early stages of ... Read More
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Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration, also referred to as age-related macular degeneration or senile macular degeneration is a common eye disease. Macular degeneration is associated with aging. It can destroy sharp central vision. Early detection is the best defense against visual loss from ... Read More
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging procedure that produces very detailed pictures of internal body structures. It is a non-invasive method that allows doctors to check for abnormalities and diagnose medical conditions, such as blood clots, tumors, and orthopedic ... Read More
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Male Infertility & Reproductive Endocrinology
Many people think infertility is the result of "female problems." However, male infertility is a factor for about 50% of people who have unsuccessfully tried to have children. Infertility means that a couple is unable to have (conceive) a child ... Read More
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Mallet Finger Injury - Baseball Finger
A mallet finger injury occurs when the tip of a finger or the thumb is forcefully flexed. The force injures the tendon that straightens the fingertip joint. A mallet finger injury is also referred to as a baseball finger injury ... Read More
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Medication Allergy
Many people have experienced unwanted side effects of medications, but an allergic reaction to a medication is not the same thing as a side effect or adverse effect. An allergic reaction is an immune system response that can be mild ... Read More
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Meniere's Disease
Meniere’s disease is a condition that results from excess fluid in the inner ear. The extra fluid prevents the nerves and structures that are responsible for hearing and balance from working properly. As a result, people may experience distressing symptoms ... Read More
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Meniscus Tear - Knee Cartilage
The menisci are cartilage structures in the knee joint that act as buffers between the bones. The menisci are vulnerable to injury, especially during twisting motions used for sports. Some tears in certain parts of the meniscus may heal on ... Read More
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Menopause
Menopause is a normal and natural part of a woman’s aging process. Menopause, commonly called “the change of life”, occurs around the age of 50. During this time, hormones change and menstruation (“getting periods”) stops. Common symptoms include hot flashes, ... Read More
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Menorrhagia - Excessive Menstrual Bleeding
Menorrhagia or hypermorrhea are the medical terms for excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding. All females may experience a heavy period at one time or another, but a small number of women experience extremely heavy bleeding, periods that last longer than ... Read More
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Menstruation
Menstruation is a normal and healthy part of a female’s life. Menstruation, commonly called a period, occurs each month in a fairly regular cycle. During this time, the uterine lining sheds. A period usually lasts from five to seven days. ... Read More
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Mesotherapy
Mesotherapy is an alternative medicine technique intended to improve the appearance of cellulite or localized collections of fat. Aging and weight gain can cause cellulite/fat deposits in the thighs, buttocks, arms, and abdomen. Mesotherapy involves injecting physician-created formulas into affected ... Read More
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Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a term used to describe the combined effects of several conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. The conditions include high blood pressure, resistance to insulin, abnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and obesity ... Read More
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Metastatic Brain Tumor
A metastatic brain tumor is cancer that has spread to the brain from a primary cancer site located somewhere else in the body. Cancer of the lungs, breast, or kidney, can spread through the bloodstream and to the brain. The focus ... Read More
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Metrorrhagia - Abnormal Bleeding
Metrorrhagia is abnormal bleeding that occurs between periods or that is not associated with menstruation. There are many causes of metrorrhagia, including hormone imbalance, abnormal growths, pregnancy complications, and infection. It is important to contact your doctor if you experience ... Read More
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Microdermabrasion
Microdermabrasion is a nonsurgical cosmetic procedure used to improve the appearance of facial skin. Very superficial skin conditions, such as fine wrinkles, dull skin, age spots, and acne, may be minimized with microdermabrasion. The procedure uses the gentle abrasive action ... Read More
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Middle Ear Infection - Otitis Media
Middle ear infection, termed otitis media, is a common problem in infants and young children. They result from increased pressure and increased fluids in the middle ear. An earache is the primary symptom of middle ear infection. Most ear infections go ... Read More
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Migraine Headache
Migraine headache pain can be severe and accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to odors, light and sound. If untreated, migraine symptoms can be so severe that people need to lie down for a few hours or days. Although there ... Read More
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Mini Face Lift
A mini face lift is a cosmetic surgery procedure used to reverse the signs of aging skin. A mini face lift is used to make the lower one third of the face look younger, rested, and refreshed. It can firm ... Read More
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Mini Tummy Tuck
Unwanted fat below the belly button can result from aging, weight gain, or childbirth. This area can be particularly difficult to lose with dieting and exercise. A mini tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) is a cosmetic surgery procedure that removes excess fat ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Breast Biopsy
Breast cancer is a common form of cancer that occurs in women, and occasionally in men. Self-breast examination, clinical breast examination, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are used to detect breast lumps or abnormalities. A biopsy is performed ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Hip Replacement - Arthroplasty
The hip is one of the most frequently replaced joints. Osteoarthritis, a type of arthritis, is the main reason for hip replacement surgery. Other conditions, including trauma, may also require the need for a hip replacement. Arthritis is a disease ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Knee Replacement - Arthroplasty
Knee Replacement Surgery is the most common type of joint replacement surgery. The knee is one of the most easily injured joints. Knee problems can occur from injury, aging, “wear and tear,” and arthritis. Arthritis is a disease that causes joint ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Lateral Access Spine Surgery
In the past, spinal fusion surgery meant large incisions, muscle detachment and lengthy recoveries. Innovations in spine surgery instruments and surgical techniques provide a much more pleasant experience for patients requiring spine surgery. Minimally invasive lateral access spine surgery (lateral ... Read More
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Minimally Invasive Posterior Fusion Spine Surgery
Spinal fusion surgery is used to secure two bones together in the spine for people with back pain or spine instability. Traditional spinal fusion surgeries required a large incision, muscle stripping, and lengthy hospital stays. Advancements in spine surgery have ... Read More
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Miscarriage - Early
Early miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy is very common. Early miscarriage is the loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. Bleeding with cramps or pain in the lower abdomen is a common sign ... Read More
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Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) occurs when the valve between the heart's upper and lower chambers do not open and close properly. MVP is also referred to as Barlow’s syndrome, floppy mitral valve, billowing mitral valve, and systolic click-murmur syndrome. MVP can ... Read More
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Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Skin Cancer
Mohs micrographic surgery is a specialized surgical treatment for the removal of skin cancer. Mohs surgery is highly effective. It offers the highest potential for recovery for all skin cancer treatments. Mohs surgery has a five-year cure rate of 99% ... Read More
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Moles
Moles are dark spots on the skin. You can be born with moles. They also appear over time. Heredity and spending time in the sun may influence the amount of moles that you have. Some people have moles removed because ... Read More
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Mouth Piercings and Jewelry
Mouth piercings and jewelry are a type of fashion trend among some young adults and teenagers. The lips, tongue, and cheeks may be pierced to wear barbell, hoop, or stud-type jewelry, similar to earrings. Oral piercing procedures and the jewelry ... Read More
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Mouth Sores
Mouth sores are a common condition. There are several different types of mouth sores. The most common types include canker sores, cold sores, leukoplakia, and candidiasis. Some develop inside of the mouth and others develop on the lips and skin ... Read More
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Myofascial Release
Myofascial release is a rehabilitation treatment that can relieve pain and relax muscles and tissue. Myo is the prefix for muscle, and fascial refers to the smooth tough tissue that covers them. When muscles are injured or strained, both the muscles ... Read More
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Napping
In the United States, we are all familiar with young children requiring afternoon naps and older adults occasionally falling asleep after a meal. In recent years, napping for active adults has become more and more popular. Many adults find themselves ... Read More
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a neurological sleep disorder that consists of sudden unexpected episodes of daytime sleepiness. The episodes typically last about 15 minutes, and a person may have several episodes at any time or place during the day. Uncontrolled narcolepsy is ... Read More
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Nasal Polyps
Chronic conditions, such as allergies or sinus infections, can cause more than just a runny nose. Nasal polyps are small growths that form in the nasal passageways following long-term irritation. The growths are not cancerous, but they can make it ... Read More
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Nearsightedness - Myopia
Nearsightedness, medically termed myopia, is a type of refractive error. People with nearsightedness can see close objects clearly, but have difficulty seeing objects that are far away. Distant objects appear blurry. Nearsightedness is easily corrected with glasses or contact lenses. ... Read More
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Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test
A Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test is an electrodiagnostic procedure that measures how well a nerve works and helps to specify the site of nerve compression. Nerves carry messages between the brain and body. Many conditions, such as tissue swelling, ... Read More
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Neuromuscular Re-education
Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by rehabilitation therapists to restore normal movement. Together, your nerves and muscles work to produce movements. Nerves send signals between your muscles and your brain about when, where, and how fast to move. It ... Read More
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Neuropathy - Nerve Pain
Neuropathy, also referred to as neuralgia or neuritis, is a type of pain that involves the nerves. Neuropathy results from nerve degeneration, pressure, inflammation, or infection. There are several causes of neuropathy, including carpal tunnel syndrome, pinched nerves, spinal stenosis, ... Read More
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Nexplanon® - Contraception
Nexplanon® (estonogestrel implant) is a prescription medication used for female contraception. Nexplanon is a small, flexible device (4-cm long) that is placed under the skin on the upper inside of your arm for up to three years. Nexplanon is ideal ... Read More
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Nightmares
Nightmares or bad dreams are commonly experienced by children as a natural part of growing up. They may occur in adults from time to time as well. People experiencing stressful life events or sleep disorders or who use alcohol, illegal ... Read More
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Nocturia - Excessive Nighttime Urination
Nocturia is a condition that causes people to wake up numerous times during the night and urinate. Nocturia is a common cause of insomnia, the inability to sleep at night. There are many simple and not so simple causes of ... Read More
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Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
There are approximately 30 types of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Your lymphatic system normally filters germs and infections from your body. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma can occur in many places throughout the body ... Read More
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Nose Reshaping - Rhinoplasty
Rhinoplasty, nose reshaping surgery, is the most common of all plastic surgery procedures. Rhinoplasty is used to change the shape of the nose, correct structural or functional problems. Nose reshaping can improve the balance of your facial features and enhance ... Read More
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Nosebleeds
The sight of blood may be unexpected, but nosebleeds are actually quite common and rarely life threatening. Nasal irritation and low humidity most frequently cause nosebleeds. In most cases, nosebleeds can be stopped with self-care. Simply squeeze your nostrils and ... Read More
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NovaSure® - Treatment for Heavy Periods
NovaSure® is a quick, safe, simple, one-time endometrial ablation treatment for menorrhagia, abnormally heavy or lengthy menstruation. It is an alternative to hysterectomy. NovaSure gently removes the lining of the uterus with precisely measured electrical energy. This quick simple procedure ... Read More
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Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a specialized branch of radiology. Its focus is on using small amounts of radioactive materials to diagnose, manage, or treat disease. Nuclear medicine uses contrast agents and X-rays to depict how organs function and detect structural abnormalities. ... Read More
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Obesity & Sleep: Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS)
People with significant obesity are at risk for developing obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). OHS results when the body does not receive enough oxygen and does not eliminate enough carbon dioxide while breathing during sleep. OHS can cause extreme daytime sleepiness ... Read More
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. People with OCD experience obsessive thoughts, compulsions, or both. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, ideas, feelings, or sensations that play over and over again in a person’s mind. Compulsions are actions ... Read More
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Occupational Therapy: An Overview
An injury, disease, or traumatic event may change the way your body functions and the way that you perceive your environment. A single problem or combination of conditions may change the way that you think, act, feel, see, or move ... Read More
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Ocular Toxoplasmosis - Eye Infection
Ocular toxoplasmosis is a type of inner eye infection. It is a leading cause of retinochoroiditis in the United States. Retinochoroiditis affects the retina, located at the back of the eye, and the choroid, its blood supply. Ocular toxoplasmosis is ... Read More
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Older Adults and Sleep Problems
Sleep problems are common among older adults. Medical conditions, sleep disorders, and lifestyle factors can contribute to a reduction in sleep quality. Older adults may have problems falling asleep and remaining asleep or awakening too early in the morning. Lifestyle ... Read More
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Oophorectomy
An oophorectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one, a part of one, or both ovaries. Oophorectomy may be used to treat cancer or noncancerous conditions. Oophorectomy may be used to remove cancerous ovaries, large cysts or abscesses, and endometriosis. Oophorectomies ... Read More
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Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) - Eye Imaging Test
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a new type of imaging technology. OCT is used for taking cross-sectional pictures of the retina. The retina is located at the back of your eye. It is used to diagnose and follow treatment in certain ... Read More
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Oral Cancer
Oral cancer can occur on the lips, tongue, gums, or other tissues inside of the mouth. It most commonly occurs on the lower lip. Oral cancer is more common in people over the age of 40 years old. It occurs ... Read More
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Orthotics
Orthotics are shoe inserts that are used to correct an irregular walking pattern. They perform functions that make standing, walking, and running more comfortable and efficient, by altering slightly the angles at which the foot strikes a walking or running ... Read More
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Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain)
Osgood-Schlatter Disease is actually a type of overuse injury and not a disease. It affects the knees of growing children and adolescents who play sports that involve running or jumping. The main symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter Disease are pain and swelling. ... Read More
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Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, affecting more than 21 million Americans. Osteoarthritis tends to develop as people get older or from overuse of the knee during work or sports. Osteoarthritis causes the protective covering at the ends ... Read More
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease. It causes progressive bone loss and increases the risk of fractures. Osteoporosis is more common in women than men, and the incidence increases with age. Bone loss from osteoporosis can lead to fractures ... Read More
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Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a progressive condition that causes hearing reduction and can progress to deafness. It results from abnormal bone growth in the ear that interferes with the hearing process. Otosclerosis is an inherited disorder. Surgery is used to improve hearing ... Read More
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Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer occurs when the cells of the ovaries grow abnormally or out of control. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. This type of cancer may or may not cause obvious symptoms before it has reached an ... Read More
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Ovarian Cyst
Ovarian cysts are a common condition in women during the childbearing years. They result when a cyst forms on the ovary. An ovarian cyst may or may not cause symptoms. The majority of ovarian cysts go away without treatment. In ... Read More
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Overactive Bladder - Severe Overactive Bladder
Overactive bladder can be very inconvenient and uncomfortable. Overactive bladder causes an extreme sudden urgency to urinate, frequent urination, and the need to urinate at night (nocturia). Some people experience unexpected urine loss as well. The problem occurs when muscles ... Read More
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Pain Management - An Overview
Pain management for orthopedic conditions consists of a variety of treatments aimed at reducing pain. There are many types and causes of orthopedic pain. Orthopedic pain is commonly caused by injury and aging. Back pain may result from irritated or ... Read More
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Pain Management - Arthrocentesis
Arthrocentesis or aspiration is a treatment to relieve joint pain and swelling. Arthrocentesis is appropriate for larger joints including the knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, elbow and wrist. It is useful for treating joint swelling caused by infection, gout, and rheumatoid ... Read More
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Pain Management - Facet Injections
Facet injections are non-surgical treatments to relieve pain and inflammation of the facet joints in the spine. Facet joints are located on the top and bottom of each vertebra. Facet joints connect the vertebrae to form the spine and allow ... Read More
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Pain Management - Prolotherapy
Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons. Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones. They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured. ... Read More
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Pain Management - Trigger Point Injections
Trigger point injections are used to relieve extremely painful areas of muscle. Trigger points are very tight bands or small areas of a muscle that are very sensitive to touch and pressure. The trigger point can irritate surrounding nerves and ... Read More
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Pain Management - Viscosupplementation Therapy
Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes bone degeneration and synovial fluid reduction. Synovial fluid acts as a shock absorber and lubricant in the knee joint. Arthritis and a decrease ... Read More
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Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer results when the cells in the pancreas grow abnormally and out of control instead of dividing in an orderly manner. The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. Although the vast majority of pancreatic tumors are cancerous, some ... Read More
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Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis results when the pancreas is inflamed. Your pancreas is a gland located near your stomach. It produces fluids that assist with food digestion. Certain conditions can cause the digestive fluids to become trapped inside the pancreas. As the fluids ... Read More
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Panic Disorder
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. People with panic disorder experience recurring unexpected sudden episodes of intense terror and physical symptoms. The physical symptoms can be so severe that many people question if they are having a heart ... Read More
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Pap Smear
A Pap smear test is a preventive measure that can detect precancerous or cancerous cervical cells. A yearly Pap smear used to be recommended for for most women, but this changed in 2013. Current guidelines from the American College of ... Read More
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Partial Knee Replacement
Your knee is an important joint that supports the weight of your body and must function correctly for movement and walking. Your knee is made from bone, ligaments and cartilage. One type of cartilage covers the bones, and the other ... Read More
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Patellar Tendon Tear
The patellar tendon connects the kneecap to the leg. During sports that involve running or jumping or because of tendonitis, certain medical conditions, or steroid use, the tendon can tear. Small partial tears may heal with non-surgical treatment; however, most ... Read More
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Patellofemoral Syndrome - Kneecap Problems
Patellofemoral Syndrome is pain in the knee that occurs from poorly aligned knee structures, trauma, or overuse. It is also called runner’s knee and Chondromalacia patellae. Patellofemoral syndrome results when the cartilage behind the kneecap is overstressed or deteriorates. Patellofemoral Syndrome ... Read More
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. It is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease may or may not cause symptoms. It is very important for this condition to be ... Read More
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Percutaneous Disc Nucleoplasty
Intervertebral discs are cushion-like structures that are located between the bones that make up the spine. Under certain conditions, the discs can bulge and cause back pain. Percutaneous disc nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to reduce the pressure inside ... Read More
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Perforated Eardrum - Ruptured Eardrum
A perforated or ruptured eardrum is an eardrum with a hole in it. The condition may result from air pressure changes, loud noise, infection, or injury. A perforated eardrum causes sudden intense pain and hearing loss. The condition may heal ... Read More
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Pericarditis - Inflammation of the Heart Sac
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart. When a cause can be found an infection, systemic disease, or autoimmune disorder most commonly causes it. Pericarditis can cause sharp stabbing chest pain and difficulty breathing. You should ... Read More
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Peripheral Artery Disease - Poor Circulation
Peripheral artery disease (PAD), also referred to as arteriosclerosis of the extremities and peripheral vascular disease, is a condition that causes poor blood circulation to the kidneys, intestines, arms, legs, and feet. Blood flow may be reduced or blocked by ... Read More
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Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is a symptom rather than a disease in itself. It occurs when nerves are damaged resulting in pain and loss of function, such as motor movement or the sense of touch. Peripheral neuropathy commonly develops in the longest ... Read More
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Phantom Limb Pain
Phantom limb pain is a real condition that occurs in some people after the amputation of an arm or leg. People with phantom limb feel pain as if the amputated limb is still there. The exact mechanism of phantom limb ... Read More
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Phobias
Phobias are a very common type of anxiety disorder. People with phobias have a continuous fear of a specific type of object, place, activity, or situation. Common phobias are a fear of flying, giving public speeches, heights, dogs, or snakes. ... Read More
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Pinched Nerves in the Back-Spinal (Lumbar) Fusion/lumbar spinal stenosis
The lumbar spine is a common source of back problems. Your lumbar spine is located in your lower back. The main function of the lumbar spine is to support the weight of your upper body. The joints of the lumbar ... Read More
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Pitcher's Elbow - Little League Elbow
Pitcher’s elbow, also called Little League elbow, results from excessive throwing motions used in sports. It most frequently occurs in baseball, but is associated with other sports that involve throwing. Pitcher’s elbow causes pain and interferes with motion. Many cases ... Read More
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Plantar Warts (Warts on Feet)
Plantar warts are small growths that appear on the bottom of the foot. A virus causes plantar warts. They are contagious and can be spread from person to person. Plantar warts should not be treated with over-the-counter treatments. A doctor should ... Read More
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Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy is a cutting-edge procedure that is revolutionizing the field of orthopedic medicine. PRP therapy is a new treatment that relieves pain and promotes long lasting healing of musculoskeletal conditions. PRP Therapy uses components of the body’s ... Read More
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia can be a serious life-threatening illness that needs medical attention. Pneumonia results from germs that cause an infection in the lungs. Many people with pneumonia are treated with prescription medication at home, but others require more intensive treatment and a ... Read More
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Poison Ivy
Poison ivy can grow as a plant, bush, or vine. Sap from the plant causes the skin reaction. Although itchy and annoying, most poison ivy rashes are not serious. However, the symptoms are bothersome enough that you should remember the ... Read More
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Polycystic Ovary Disease
Polycystic ovary disease is a common type of hormone disorder. It causes enlarged ovaries that contain numerous cysts. Polycystic ovary disease may also lead to infertility, excess hair growth, and heavy, irregular, or absent periods. Treatments include medications and weight ... Read More
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder. It develops in some people that witness or experience terrifying life-threatening events. PTSD can cause a variety of psychiatric and physical symptoms. People with PTSD may experience sudden vivid memories ... Read More
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Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Tear
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) crosses inside of the knee joint with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), connecting the thighbone to the leg. Ligaments are strong non-elastic fibers that connect your bones together. PCL tears are not as common as ... Read More
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Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction - Acquired Flatfoot
Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, also known as acquired flatfoot, results when the tendon at the back of the ankle is inflamed or torn. It is a progressive condition that can eventually lead to a fallen arch or flatfoot. Advanced cases, or those ... Read More
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Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a common, yet serious problem that can develop during pregnancy. Formerly called toxemia, preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure and elevated levels of protein in urine that develop after the 20th week of pregnancy. Untreated preeclampsia can ... Read More
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Pregnancy Ultrasound
A pregnancy ultrasound is used to create images of a developing baby and the pelvic organs of the mother during pregnancy. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures on a video monitor. Ultrasound does not use radiation like X-rays, ... Read More
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Pregnancy: What to Expect
There are several ways of counting the weeks in pregnancy. A common method is by gestational age. With the gestational age method, the first day of a woman’s last menstrual period begins the first day of the first week of ... Read More
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Pregnancy: An Overview- Early Signs and Symptoms
Pregnancy occurs when a male sperm cell fertilizes a female’s egg and it implants in the uterine lining. Pregnancy may result from sexual intercourse or assistive reproductive medicine methods. It is important for women to receive prenatal care when they ... Read More
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Premenstrual Syndrome - PMS
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) includes a variety of symptoms that many women commonly experience in the days before their period begins. Common symptoms include headache, abdominal pain, digestion problems, sleep difficulties, mood changes, and thought processing difficulties. PMS is a real ... Read More
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Prenatal Care
Prenatal care is medical care for women both before and during pregnancy. Prenatal care is used to ensure a healthy pregnancy for both the mother and developing baby. Prenatal care can help detect and treat problems promptly, prevent complications, and ... Read More
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Preparing for Surgery
Surgery can be an overwhelming experience. It is important to go into your surgery feeling secure and confident. This guide will help you to understand what to expect. Understand the procedure Talk to your doctor. Learn what to expect before, during ... Read More
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Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a progressive reduction in close range focusing power. With age, the eyes lose their ability to focus on near objects. Nearby objects appear blurry. Presbyopia is easily corrected with glasses or contact lenses. ... Read More
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Professional Voice Care
The voice should not be taken for granted. For non-professionals, voice is essential for communication. For professional singers and speakers, voice is a precious tool that needs to be well cared for to perform optimally. There are many steps you ... Read More
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Prolotherapy - Pain Management
Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons. Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones. They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured. ... Read More
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Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is a common type of cancer in men. The prostate is a golf ball size gland found only in men. It is located underneath the bladder and in front of the rectum. In most cases, prostate cancer occurs ... Read More
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Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that can come and go over time. Psoriasis causes red irritated flaky skin. It is not contagious. Although the exact cause and cure for psoriasis is unknown, there are many products and prescriptions that ... Read More
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Psychotherapeutic Medications: An Overview
Medication will not cure mental illness, but it can help keep symptoms under control. Your treatment may involve medication, therapy, or both. Medication can help make therapy more effective. Psychotherapeutic medications may be used for short periods of time or ... Read More
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Radial Tunnel Syndrome (Forearm)
Radial tunnel syndrome occurs when the radial nerve in the arm is compressed. The radial nerve travels through the radial tunnel located on the top (dorsum) of the forearm. The radial nerve can be compressed or irritated in the radial ... Read More
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Radiation Therapy
Radiation Therapy: An Overview Radiation therapy is used mainly as treatment for many different types of cancer. Radiation therapy is used to slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. Radiation uses high-energy X-rays to damage the cancer cells and prevent ... Read More
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Radiofrequency Ablation
For some people, certain facet-related back pain cannot be relieved with traditional treatments. The facet joints connect the bones (vertebrae) in your spine to each other. Each of the bones has two small facet joints located on the back. Radiofrequency ... Read More
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Rashes
Rashes are a common skin condition that everyone experiences at one time or another. There are numerous causes of rashes, ranging from allergic reactions, infections, and medical conditions to insect stings. Some types of rashes can be treated at home ... Read More
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Rectal Cancer
Rectal cancer is cancer that develops in the rectum. The rectum is the last six inches of the large intestine. Bleeding and a change in bowel patterns are common symptoms of rectal cancer. Most rectal cancers are treated with surgery ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Balance Retraining and Vestibular Rehabilitation
Balance retraining and vestibular rehabilitation are used to treat balance disorders and movement related dizziness. Balance is a complex function that involves the coordination of many body systems. Balance requires the ability to produce movements and interpret information about your ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Gait Training
Gait refers to the manner in which you ambulate or walk. A safe gait is necessary for independent living and the prevention of falls and injuries. Strength, endurance, motion, balance, and coordination are all components of an effective gait. These ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Hand Therapy
Hand Therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation. Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist with advanced skills or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for hand therapy. A CHT is an occupational or physical therapist that has completed ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Myofascial Release
Myofascial release is a rehabilitation treatment that can relieve pain and relax muscles and tissue. Myo is the prefix for muscle, and fascial refers to the smooth tough tissue that covers them. When muscles are injured or strained, both the muscles ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Neuromuscular Re-education
Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by rehabilitation therapists to restore normal movement. Together, your nerves and muscles work to produce movements. Nerves send signals between your muscles and your brain about when, where, and how fast to move. It ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Progressive Strengthening
Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function. Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.” Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Shoulder Rehabilitation
Shoulder rehabilitation can reduce pain and restore function to an injured shoulder. The shoulder moves in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in your body. However, because it performs so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable ... Read More
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Rehabilitation - Transfer Training
In rehabilitation, “transfer training” refers to alternate methods of moving your body from one surface to another. We move and reposition our bodies several times daily, for instance when we get on and off a chair, in and out of ... Read More
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Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes odd sensations in the legs and an urgency to move the legs. The symptoms become worse while resting or lying down to fall asleep. RLS is not a life-threatening condition, but ... Read More
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Retinal Tear and Detachment
Retina tears and detachment occur when the retina separates from its blood supply. Your retina is located at the back of your inner eye. Untreated retinal detachments can cause blurred vision and permanent vision loss. A retinal tear or detachment ... Read More
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Retinal Vascular Diseases
Retinal vascular diseases are conditions that can block or restrict the blood flow throughout the eye structures. Retinal vascular diseases are common in people with high blood pressure, diabetes, and other factors that cause vascular disease in the body. You ... Read More
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Reverse Shoulder Replacement
Reverse shoulder replacement is an advanced newer surgical treatment that was approved by the FDA in 2004. A reverse shoulder replacement is a surgical procedure to replace a damaged shoulder joint with an artificial one. The new joint stabilizes the ... Read More
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Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand
Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the hand. Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term chronic inflammatory disease. It causes the joints in the hand to become painful, swollen, and stiff. Rheumatoid arthritis can lead to hand deformity and loss of function. Symptoms are ... Read More
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Rosacea
Rosacea (acne rosacea) is a chronic skin condition. It predominantly causes redness and flushing on the face. Although there is no cure for rosacea, antibiotics and laser therapy can help manage the condition and improve the appearance of your skin. ... Read More
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Rotator Cuff Tear & Repair
Rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain. The rotator cuff consists of four shoulder muscles and their tendons. Tendons are strong fibers that connect our muscles to our bones. The shoulder muscles and tendons cover the upper ... Read More
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Sacroiliac Joint Pain - Chiropractic Treatment
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction can cause low back and leg pain. The sacroiliac joint connects your spine to your pelvis. The sacroiliac joint does not move much and acts more as a stabilizer for the upper body. It acts as a ... Read More
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Salivary Gland Conditions & Treatment
The salivary glands in your mouth produce saliva that keeps your mouth healthy and helps soften food when you eat. Infections, stones, or tumors in the glands can cause pain and swelling. Fortunately, most tumors in the salivary glands are ... Read More
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Scaphoid Fracture - Broken Wrist
A scaphoid fracture most commonly results from a fall on an outstretched hand. The scaphoid is a small bone located on the thumb side of your wrist. It is the most commonly broken bone in the wrist. Because symptoms can ... Read More
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Sciatica - Pain Management
The sciatic nerve is the thickest and longest nerve in your body. The sciatic nerve extends from your lower back down to your feet. If the sciatic nerve is compressed or inflamed, a painful condition called Sciatica can result. Symptoms ... Read More
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Sclerotherapy for Varicose Veins & Spider Veins
Sclerotherapy is a treatment for small varicose or spider veins. Sclerotherapy involves the tiny injections of a medication into affected veins. The solution used causes the veins to shrink and eventually dissolve. Sclerotherapy may improve the appearance of veins and ... Read More
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Seborrhea
Seborrhea, also called Seborrheic Dermatitis, is a common skin condition. When it occurs on the scalp it is called dandruff. Seborrhea on a baby’s scalp is called cradle cap. Seborrhea describes a red scaly itchy skin. The affected areas produce ... Read More
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Sesamoid Fracture & Sesamoiditis (Big Toe)
The sesamoids are two small bones near the base of the big toe. They help to bear weight and act as pulleys to help move your big toe when you walk. Too much repetitive pressure, force, or tension can cause ... Read More
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Females
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections that are spread by sexual activity. Females, youths, and people of minority groups have the highest incidence of sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases may or may not produce symptoms, ... Read More
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Shin Splints
Shin splints is a term to describe pain at the front or lower inside edge of the leg. The pain is most frequently caused by muscle overuse, improper form when exercising, or wearing the wrong type of athletic shoes. Most ... Read More
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Shingles
Shingles are a painful rash that develops in nearly 1 in 3 Americans. The risk of developing shingles increases with age. More than half of all shingles cases occur in people over the age of 60, although children can develop ... Read More
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Shoulder Arthroscopy
The shoulder can perform movements in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in our body. But because it can perform so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable to stress and injury. Shoulder injuries are very common, ... Read More
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Shoulder Impingement Syndrome - Shoulder Tendonitis
Shoulder impingement syndrome is a painful condition in the shoulder. It occurs when the tendons in the shoulder are irritated, inflamed or degenerated from repetitive overhead motions or structural abnormalities in the shoulder. Shoulder impingement syndrome is treated with activity modification, ... Read More
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Shoulder Rehabilitation
Shoulder rehabilitation can reduce pain and restore function to an injured shoulder. The shoulder moves in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in your body. However, because it performs so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable ... Read More
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Sinusitis
Sinusitis is a fairly common condition. It can develop following a cold, upper respiratory infection, or allergic reaction. Environmental irritants, certain medical conditions, and structural abnormalities can contribute to sinusitis. Sinusitis causes pressure and pain in the head and face. It can ... Read More
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Skier's Thumb
Skier’s Thumb is an injury that occurs when the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpal phalangeal joint of the thumb is injured. The ligament can be injured when the thumb is bent back away from the fingers (hyperextended). A sports ... Read More
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Skin Allergies - Contact Dermatitis
For some people, objects as common as rubber soled shoes, jewelry, or cleaning products can cause an allergic skin reaction (contact dermatitis). Symptoms include varying degrees of an itchy inflamed rash. If treatment is necessary, there are a variety of ... Read More
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Skin Cancer - Melanoma
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. It occurs when the melanocytes in the skin grow abnormally and out of control. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and a history of childhood sunburns contribute to the development ... Read More
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Skin Cancer - Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer. It occurs when the squamous cells in the skin grow abnormally and out of control. Exposure from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the most frequent cause ... Read More
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Skin Cancer- Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It occurs when the basal cells in the skin grow abnormally and out of control. Exposure from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the most frequent cause of ... Read More
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Skin Tags
Skin tags, medically termed acrochordons, are common harmless skin growths. They appear as rounded or tube-like structures that are attached to the skin by a thin stalk. Skin tags may be skin colored or darker. Skin tags commonly develop in skin ... Read More
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Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is a common and under-diagnosed sleep disorder. It causes repeated episodes of stopped breathing (apneic episodes) and startling or gasping for air during sleep. People with sleep apnea frequently do not realize that they have it. The consequences ... Read More
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Sleep Deprivation
Everyone may experience sleep deprivation at one time or another but ongoing sleep deprivation can lead to serious problems. Sleep deprivation causes excessive daytime sleepiness and decreases your ability to perform your regular activities. Ongoing sleep deprivation can lead to ... Read More
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Sleep Walking
Sleepwalking is a disorder that causes people to sit up in bed, walk, or perform tasks while sleeping. The person’s eyes may be open, and they may appear to be awake. Sleep walking occurs more frequently among children. Sleep walking ... Read More
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Sleep: How it Works
Sleep is vital for healthy living and life, just like eating and breathing. Sleep allows your body to rest. During sleep, your muscles and tissues grow and repair. Researchers believe that during sleep your brain performs important functions, such as ... Read More
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Snoring
Snoring is very common among adults. During sleep, the airway muscles in the throat relax. As you breathe in, the airway vibrates, making noise. Snoring frequently results from turbulent airflow and narrowing in the nose or throat that creates noise ... Read More
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Sore Throat
Sore throats (pharyngitis) are a very common medical condition. Sore throats are most frequently caused by viral infections. The majority of sore throats heal on their own. The symptoms may be relieved with home treatments and over-the-counter medications. Sore throats that ... Read More
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Spinal (Lumbar) Fusion/Lumbar Spinal Stenosis - Pinched Nerves in the Back
The low back is a common place to experience pain. This area of the back is called the lumbar spine. The main function of the lumbar spine is to support the weight of your upper body. The joints of the ... Read More
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Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) for Pain Relief
Introduction Spinal cord stimulation is a pain relieving treatment for chronic back pain. Spinal cord stimulation can be useful for some people that have failed other forms of treatment. The stimulator is a small device that is surgically placed beneath the ... Read More
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Spinal Cord Tumors
Spinal cord tumors may originate in the spinal cord or result from the spread of cancer from another location in the body. Your spinal cord transmits sensory, movement, and reflex information between your brain and body. Spinal cord tumors need ... Read More
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Spinal Stenosis
The lower back is a common place to experience pain and discomfort. The lumbar spine is located in your lower back. The bones align to form the spine. Aging, arthritis, and degenerative conditions can cause the bones to change shape and ... Read More
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Spondylolisthesis - Slipped Vertebrae
Small bones, called vertebrae, align to form the spine in your back. A healthy spine supports the body, while allowing movement. Spondylolisthesis occurs when age or injury causes a vertebra in the lower back to slip forward and out of ... Read More
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Spondylolysis - Stress Fracture of the Spine
Spondylolysis is a term to describe a stress fracture that occurs in the vertebrae of the lower spine. Vertebrae are the series of bones that make up your spine. Spondylolysis can result from excessive and repetitive forces during ... Read More
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Sports Medicine and Fitness Training
The benefits of exercise and fitness are well known. Physical activity is essential for overall health, injury prevention, rehabilitation, and quality of life. Sports medicine is a science that involves a team of specially trained health professionals from a wide ... Read More
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Sprains & Strains
Sprains and strains are common injuries that can happen to anyone, but occur most frequently in people who participate in sports, perform repetitive activities, or are at-risk for falls. Sprains involve the tissues that connect bones together (ligaments). Strains involve ... Read More
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Stellate Ganglion Block
A stellate ganglion block is an injection used to diagnose or treat certain nerve conditions. The stellate ganglion is a group of nerves located at the front of the neck. A stellate ganglion block is used to prevent pain signals from ... Read More
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Stereotactic Breast Biopsy
Stereotactic breast biopsy is an important procedure for diagnosing breast cancer. It is a noninvasive method of obtaining a breast tissue sample for biopsy. A biopsy is an examination to determine if the sample is cancerous or not. Stereotactic breast ... Read More
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Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy
Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT) are both treatment methods of delivering radiation therapy to cancer tumors. SRS or SRT may be used instead of or along with surgery. SRS involves a single radiation treatment. SRT uses a series ... Read More
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Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer is not a common type of cancer in the United States. Stomach cancer occurs more frequently in areas outside of the United States, with the highest rates occurring in Japan, China, Southern and Eastern Europe, South America, Central ... Read More
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Stomach Flu
The stomach flu, also called viral gastroenteritis, is the leading cause of severe diarrhea. It can also cause vomiting and abdominal pain. The virus is found in contaminated food or drinking water. Symptoms of the stomach flu usually develop within ... Read More
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Strep Throat
Strep throat is a common type of sore throat. The germ that causes strep throat is spread from person to person in saliva and nasal secretions. Strep throat is treated with antibiotics. You can help prevent the spread of strep ... Read More
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Stress Fracture - Leg and Foot
Stress fractures are tiny hairline breaks in the bone. They tend to develop in the legs or feet of dancers, athletes, or military personnel who exercise when their muscles are fatigued or when their bodies are not yet conditioned to ... Read More
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Stroke - CVA
A stroke or a “brain attack” is an emergency medical condition. It occurs when the blood supply to the brain is stopped or reduced for a period of time. Your brain controls the life sustaining functions of your body. It ... Read More
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Swallowing Disorders
Swallowing is a complex process. Swallowing, termed deglutition, allows you to pass food and liquids from your mouth to your stomach for digestion. Swallowing difficulties, termed dysphagia, can occur for several reasons. Certain medical conditions, neurological conditions, or structural deformities ... Read More
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Swan Neck Deformity - Finger Deformity
A swan neck deformity occurs when the structures that keep the middle joint of your finger from bending back too far are injured, stretched or weakened. The injury causes the middle finger (proximal interphalangeal) joint to hyperextend. This ... Read More
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Swimmer's Ear - Otitis Externa
Swimmer’s ear is an outer ear infection. It is also called an external ear infection, external otitis, or otitis externa. It commonly results from an infection that develops in trapped water in the ear after swimming. Irritants or germs that enter ... Read More
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Swine Flu - Influenza
The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is carefully monitoring the cases of swine flu in America. The CDC states that while there is no need to panic, you should educate yourself about the swine flu and take precautions. ... Read More
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Symptoms of Heart Disease, Heart Attack, and Stroke
Heart Disease Heart disease is termed “a silent threat” because many people do not experience symptoms until a heart attack or stroke occurs. Cardiovascular symptoms that require immediate emergency medical attention include chest pain, shortness of breath, pain or numbness in ... Read More
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Syncope - Fainting
Syncope is the medical term for fainting. Syncope results from a drop in blood pressure or heart rate. It may occur because of certain triggers, such as dehydration, stress, or exhaustion. Recurrent syncope may be the sign of a heart ... Read More
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Tendon Transfers
Tendon transfers are used to restore function after an injury or medical condition has compromised function in the hand. Loss of function in the hand can occur because of several types of problems including paralysis from nerve injury, tendon loss, ... Read More
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Tendonitis
Tendonitis is an inflammatory condition that can develop in a tendon. Tendons are strong fibers that connect your muscles to your bones. Tendonitis most frequently results from overuse of a joint. Symptoms include pain and tenderness. Most cases of tendonitis ... Read More
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Tennis Elbow - Lateral Epicondylitis
Tennis Elbow is a condition that results in deterioration of the tendon fibers that attach to the bone at the outside of the elbow. Tendons are strong fibers that attach muscles to bone. They are tissues that do not stretch ... Read More
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Tension Headache
Tension headaches are the most common type of primary headache, meaning that they are not caused by an underlying medical disorder. Most people will experience a tension headache in their lifetime. They occur most frequently between the ages of 20 ... Read More
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The Digestive System/How it works
Whenever you eat and drink, food travels through your digestive system for processing. Your body absorbs nutrients and removes waste products via your digestive system. As water is absorbed from your digestive system, the waste products become more solid and ... Read More
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The Eyes: How They Work
Your visual system consists of your eyes, nerve pathways, and your brain. Your eyes are where the visual process begins. Nerve pathways extend from your eyes and carry messages throughout your brain for processing. Your brain interprets what you see—colors, ... Read More
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The Heart: How it Works
The Heart: How it Works The heart is the core of the cardiovascular system. Your cardiovascular system consists of your heart and the blood vessels that carry blood throughout your body. Your heart is located to the left of the middle ... Read More
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The Liver - How it Works
Your liver is one of the largest organs in your body, second only to your skin. Your liver is located in your right upper abdomen and is protected by your ribcage. Your liver performs over 100 functions—most of them are ... Read More
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Thigh and Buttock Lift - Thighplasty
A thigh and buttock lift (thighplasty) is used to remove excess tissue and fat following substantial weight loss. After weight reduction surgery or diet and exercise, skin in the thigh and buttock area may have lost elasticity and may not ... Read More
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Thoracic Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Upper Back
Thoracic facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the upper back after other forms of treatment have failed. The procedure “turns off” the specific nerve that carries information about pain. The treatment provides pain relief for ... Read More
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Thumb CMC (Basal Joint) Arthroplasty - Thumb Joint Reconstruction
The thumb joint at the base of the thumb is the most mobile in the hand. The thumb can move up and down, in and out, and rotate slightly to touch the fingers. We move our thumbs hundreds of times ... Read More
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Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer is one of the least deadly types of cancer. It occurs when cells in the thyroid gland grow abnormally and out of control. Your thyroid gland is located in the front of your neck. There are several different ... Read More
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Thyroid Disease & Nodules
Thyroid nodules are growths that develop within the thyroid gland. Your thyroid gland is located in the lower front part of your neck, in front of your windpipe. The vast majority of thyroid nodules are not cancerous, and in fact, ... Read More
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Tibia Fracture - Broken Shinbone
The tibia, commonly called the shinbone, is located in your lower leg. A tibia fracture is a common injury. A fracture is a broken bone. Vehicle crashes, falls, and sports injuries are frequent causes of tibia fractures. Depending on the ... Read More
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Tinnitus
Tinnitus is hearing unusual sounds in the ear that are not actually occurring in the environment. Ringing, buzzing, hissing, blowing, or other abnormal noises may be heard in one or both ears. Tinnitus is most frequently caused by ear disorders, medical conditions, ... Read More
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TMJ Disorder
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is unique in that it allows your lower jaw to perform motions in several different directions. You use lower jaw motions whenever you talk, swallow, chew, or yawn. Because of the complexity of the joint structure, ... Read More
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Toe (Phalange) Fracture
Toe fractures can certainly hurt, but they are rarely incapacitating. Toe fractures most frequently result from trauma. The majority of toe fractures heal without surgery. ... Read More
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Toenail Fungus
Not only is toenail fungus unsightly, but it is difficult to treat. You should consult a podiatrist at the first sign of toenail fungus, such as white or yellow spots on the nails. Your doctor will provide treatments to help stop ... Read More
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Tonsillitis and Adenoid Infection
Tonsillitis is a very common condition among children, but may also occur in adults. The tonsils are lymph nodes and the adenoids are glands located in the throat. Although they work to filter germs, they are vulnerable to infection as ... Read More
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Total Hip Replacement
The hip is one of the most commonly replaced joints. The hip is a ball and socket joint. It allows us to move our legs and bend and straighten our body. Osteoarthritis, a type of arthritis, is the main reason ... Read More
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Total Knee Replacement
The knee is the largest joint in our body. It is one to the most easily injured joints. Knee problems can occur from injury, aging, “wear and tear,” or disease, such as arthritis. Arthritis causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. ... Read More
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Total Shoulder Replacement
The shoulder has a greater range of motion than any other joint in our body, but because it can perform so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable to stress, injury, and arthritis. Arthritis is a major cause of shoulder pain. ... Read More
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Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Injury - Wrist Sprain
The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) is a structure that is made of cartilage and ligaments. It is located on the ulnar side of the wrist (side toward the little finger). The TFCC stabilizes the bones in the wrist, acts as ... Read More
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Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb
Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb, medically termed Stenosing Tenosynovitis, are common hand conditions. This condition occurs when the tendons in the thumb and fingers do not glide smoothly. Tendons are strong tissues that connect our muscles to our bones. Trigger ... Read More
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Trigger Points & Trigger Point Injections
A trigger point is a small area in a muscle that is very sensitive to touch or pressure. It can be extremely painful. Injury, overexertion, muscle tension, and muscle spasms are common causes of trigger points. They most frequently occur ... Read More
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Tubal Ligation - Female Sterilization
Tubal ligation is usually a permanent form of birth control. It is a female sterilization procedure commonly referred to as “tying the tubes.” It is not recommended as a temporary or reversible form of birth control, and should only be ... Read More
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Tummy Tuck - Abdominoplasty
A tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) is a cosmetic surgery procedure that is used to create a firmer flatter abdomen. It is common for excess fat deposits and loose sagging skin to develop in the abdomen as a result of aging, weight ... Read More
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Ulcers
A Peptic Ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine. An ulcer is caused by an imbalance between the acids and enzymes that break down food in the upper gastrointestinal ... Read More
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Ultrasound - Diagnostic
An ultrasound is an imaging test that allows doctors to view internal organs, tissues, and systems, and check developing babies during pregnancy. Ultrasound is noninvasive. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of the structures on a video monitor. ... Read More
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Ultrasound - Pelvic and Transvaginal
An ultrasound, also called a sonogram, is an imaging test that is used to create pictures of internal organs and structures. Ultrasound may be used to examine a woman’s reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina. An obstetric ... Read More
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Ultrasound Therapy - Chiropractic Treatment
Ultrasound therapy is used to minimize muscle pain and movement dysfunction. Therapeutic ultrasound uses sound waves to deliver deep heat to the treated tissues. The treatments may help reduce stiffness, swelling, and pain, increase circulation, and promote pain-free movement. Ultrasound ... Read More
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Ultrasound Therapy - Pain Management/Rehabilitation
Ultrasound therapy is used to minimize muscle pain and movement dysfunction. Therapeutic ultrasound uses sound waves to deliver deep heat to the treated tissues. The treatments may help reduce stiffness, swelling, and pain, increase circulation, and promote pain-free movement. Ultrasound ... Read More
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Upper GI Endoscopy
An Upper Gastrointestinal Intestinal (GI) Endoscopy is a procedure that uses an endoscope to view the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. This test is also called an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or a gastroscopy. An ... Read More
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Upper GI Series/ Barium Swallow
An Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Series or Barium Swallow provides a set of X-rays showing the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Before the X-rays are taken, barium, a chalky substance, is swallowed. The barium provides an image of the upper gastrointestinal ... Read More
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Urinary Tract Infection - Bladder Infection
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are a common condition. Most UTIs result from infection caused by bacteria that enters the urinary tract system. UTIs can be quite uncomfortable and lead to problems with urination. Fortunately, most UTIs respond well to prescription ... Read More
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Uterine Cancer - Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is the most common type of uterine cancer. It is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. The primary symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. Treatment usually involves surgery followed by radiation, chemotherapy, hormone ... Read More
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Uveitis - Inner Eye Infection or Inflammation
Uveitis is one of the leading causes of blindness. Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. Uveitis can cause minimal to severe symptoms, including red painful eyes. There are several causes and different types ... Read More
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Valvular Heart Disease - Heart Valve Disease
Heart valve disease occurs when the valves that control the direction of the blood flow through the heart do not open and close, as they should. This can cause the heart to work harder and enlarge. Eventually, heart valve disease ... Read More
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Vertigo
Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or false movement. It can result from trauma, infection, or diseases that affect the inner ear. Vertigo is usually a harmless condition but a doctor should evaluate it. Vertigo may be treated with medications, ... Read More
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Virtual Colonoscopy
A virtual colonoscopy is a procedure that uses medical imaging and computers to create a three-dimensional picture of the colon and rectum. The test is most frequently used to diagnose pre-cancerous polyps and colorectal cancer. It is a relatively quick ... Read More
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Viscosupplementation Therapy - Pain Management
Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes bone degeneration and synovial fluid reduction. Synovial fluid acts as a shock absorber and lubricant in the knee joint. Arthritis and a decrease ... Read More
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Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision?
Visual acuity refers to the smallest detail that you are able to see. Visual acuity testing, such as reading letters or shapes on a chart, measures the eye’s potential central vision or detailed vision. Visual acuity is a measure of ... Read More
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Vomiting
Although no one likes it, everyone will experience vomiting at one time or another. Vomiting occurs when the stomach moves food up and out, instead of down through the digestive tract. In the majority of cases, vomiting can be treated ... Read More
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Warts
Warts are small growths that appear on the skin. They vary in type, size, appearance, and location. Warts usually are not painful. A virus causes warts. Warts are very contagious and can be spread from person to person. Some warts ... Read More
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Weight Loss Surgery: An Overview
Weight loss surgery may be recommended for people that are extremely obese and have medical conditions that may improve with weight loss. Severe obesity is referred to as "morbid obesity" because it is associated with health problems that are considered ... Read More
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Weight Management
Weighing too much or too little can be a problem. In the United States, weighing too much is the more common situation. It can be unhealthy to be underweight or overweight. Of growing concern, many Americans are becoming obese, which ... Read More
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Whiplash
Whiplash occurs when the head moves suddenly from severe impact, such as during a car crash. Whiplash can cause neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, tight muscles, and burning or tingling sensations in your neck or upper back. Most ... Read More
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Women and Sleep Problems
All women may experience problems sleeping from time to time, but hormonal changes during specific times of life, such as with premenstrual syndrome, pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause may create an ongoing problem. Certain medical conditions and lifestyle factors can contribute ... Read More
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Wrist Fracture - Open Reduction and Internal or External Fixation
Wrist fractures are a very common type of orthopedic injury. They occur most often as the result of a fall. When we fall, it is our natural instinct to stretch out our arms in an attempt to cushion ourselves. However, ... Read More
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X-Rays
X-rays use radiation energy to create images of internal body structures. X-rays are a non-invasive procedure, meaning that the body does not have to be surgically opened to see a bone or tissue. X-rays are used to help diagnose a ... Read More
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Yeast Infection - Vaginal
Vaginal yeast infections are common. They most frequently result from the overgrowth of a fungal organism. Common symptoms include itching, irritation, abnormal discharge, and painful urination. Yeast infections are treated with over-the-counter or prescription medications. ... Read More
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Your First Pelvic Examination - What to Expect
A pelvic examination is a short, yet very important procedure. Pelvic examinations are used to check for normal female reproductive development, test for infections or sexually transmitted diseases, and screen for abnormal growths or cells. A pelvic examination appointment is ... Read More
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Zenker's Diverticulum
Zenker’s diverticulum is a rare condition that causes a pouch to form in the lower walls of the throat. The condition can lead to problems with swallowing and cause coughing, choking, and bad breath. Although the cause of Zenker’s diverticulum ... Read More
Copyright © - iHealthSpot Interactive - www.iHealthSpot.com
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.
The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on February 16, 2022. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com.
